Don Wildman
Appearances
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Ich weiß nicht, ob sie das erwartet hätten, so blutig. Also Februar 16, 17, 1945, das ist, als der Führungssport beginnt. Das ist, als diese Schiffsschiffe aufsteigen und anfangen, dafür zu gehen. Wie viele Tage tun sie das letztendlich?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
It's the US Fifth Fleet that comes down. It's a really fascinating episode people don't know much about. The first thing that happens really in the battle for Iwo Jima is actually an attack on the Japanese home islands, on Tokyo, right? There is a part of the fleet or a fleet is up there and they actually launch the first attack on Tokyo itself. This is the fire bombing that happens.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Danach werden die selben Männer die Szene für einen anderen Schuss restagen, dieses Mal mit einer größeren Flagge. Es ist ein Wassermoment, eine ikonische Geschichte durch die Kamera. Aber es sind noch 30 Tage vor diesem gefährlichen Angriff auf Iwo Jima. Am Ende werden drei der fotografierten Männer tot. Hello there, great to have you listening.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Tell me about that episode. How long does that last and why is it happening? Well, it's happening partially to keep the Japanese's head down, right?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Mhm. Erst Wave of Attack, Februar 19, 1945, they land on the southwestern coast. Tell me what that was like for them when they caught on shore. The general idea I've learned from the movies, thank you Clint Eastwood, the Japanese were hunkering down, they were taking, they sort of moved themselves to Mount Suribachi and they were going to hunker down until the right moment came.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
I did a show years ago in Okinawa, a history show, and it was extraordinary how deep those tunnels are, how solid in rock they are. They had a long time to prepare this whole infrastructure for themselves and they did a great job at it. Therefore, you know, they weren't easily affected by firepower, as you say.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
This is American History Hit and I'm your host, Don Wildman. Eighty years ago, in February 1945, one of the most torturous battles of the war in the Pacific was undertaken. Die US-Force landete auf den Schoßen eines kleinen, vulkanisch geformten Islands, mehr als 6.000 Meilen von den USA, aber nur 760 Meilen von Japan.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Just a last note on the beaches, the volcanic sand is different than sand we know, you know, usually the silicate sand. The black volcanic sand doesn't behave the same way, so they get bogged down.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
I mean, it is a terrible place to be a foot soldier. Tell me about the Marine Commander Howland Mad Smith.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Es ist ein wirklich interessantes Dilemma, ist es nicht? Weil du diese Kommandstruktur hast, die wirklich, wie du sagst, aus der Weltkriegszeit ausgeboren ist. Und das war die Zeit der Artillerie.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Das wurde diese ganze Strategie, wie man eine Kriegspflicht kämpfen kann und wie man über einen Kriegsfeld fliegt, aus den Trennungen in diesen Tagen, wurde von der Eröffnung der Artilleriewahrzeuge erschaffen. send up a sheet of fire and then the men follow and then do the same and you sort of move across that way.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Add to this, A, it's in the middle of the ocean, so you have to move your artillery on a battleship and you have this whole other dynamic, not to mention command structure, as we already mentioned. It's a whole different kind of conversation as to how this is going to happen.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Iwo Jima wäre einer der letzten Steppensteine in der Insel-Hopping-Strategie, die die amerikanische Kommande vor zwei Jahren vorgelegt hat.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
It's a really interesting subplot of those we don't have time for, but it was the subplot of the entire Pacific War that people don't really consider too much about. Iwo Jima defended by 21,000 Japanese soldiers. Had they been there the whole time? Like, I've always wondered about these island fortresses.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Were these Japanese soldiers just brought in for this battle or had they been there for months and years before?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
By leapfrogging Japanese occupied islands, which had been heavily fortified, and instead concentrating on capturing more lightly defended ones, the US could advance more steadily across the Pacific, avoiding and isolating Japanese strongholds, and then starving them of supplies.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
We shall defend this place with all our strength to the end. We shall fling ourselves against the enemy tanks, clutching explosives to destroy them. So, this was a sheet of paper, printed and passed out. They had to memorize this. Das wurde in ihrem gesamten Verhalten gebacken, bevor dieser Kampf beginnt.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Eventually, so went the strategy, the Americans would occupy islands close enough to Japan to support a full-scale invasion, which until mid-1945 was still assumed to be inevitable, the only means to achieve complete victory. But some considered Iwo Jima a target without enough strategic value to justify the tremendous cost of American lives. The Japanese were dug in.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
So Tim, tell me how this campaign unfolds over a month long period of time, because they basically have to extract these guys from the tunnels, you know, and go in and get them and use flamethrowers on the tanks and so forth. Tell me about the general strategy to find these guys and kill them.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
American forces would be attacking soldiers fighting from tunnels and bunkers. In so many ways, Iwo Jima would be a preview of the horrors to come on Okinawa later that spring. Here to explain the rationale behind Iwo Jima and how the battle unfolded is naval historian Timothy Heck. Timothy is an artillery officer in the U.S.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Das ist das Newsreel-Footage, das wir von den letzten Inseln sehen, die wir genommen haben. Ich meine, sie mussten Taktiken adaptieren zu diesen unglaublichen Infrastrukturen, die gebaut wurden. Sprechen wir über die Navajo Code Talkers. War das das erste Mal, dass sie auf Iwo Jima benutzt wurden?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Marine Corps Reserve and an accomplished writer who has produced two books on amphibious warfare. Greetings, Timothy Heck. Boy, Iwo Jima is in your wheelhouse.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Sie werden hier offiziell ausgesprochen. Okay, die Battle of Iwo Jima kommt nur vier Monate vor VE-Tag. Ich möchte das nur in Kontext für den Publikum stellen. We're at the end of the European war. I mean, V-Day is May 8th, 1945. Here in the Pacific, it seems the end is in sight as well. The U.S. has won back the Philippines, Palau, the Marshall Islands. We own the South Pacific at this point.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
And it's really an impossible situation for Japan. Why are they holding out this long and what is their strategy? Das zu halten, ist eine große Frage.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
It's interesting and speculative to compare, but, you know, World War II battles and what happened on those battlefields compared to today, you know, and the way mechanized warfare has evolved, it's apples and oranges in so many ways, isn't it? It is and it isn't, right?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Timothy Heck ist ein erfolgreicher Kriegshistoriker, auch ein Artillerieoffizier in der US-Marine-Korps-Reserve. Er hat mehrere Bücher über Amphibious Warfare produziert. Tim, vielen Dank. Vielen Dank, Don. Habe einen guten Tag.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Don't miss an episode. By hitting like and follow you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Es ist Februar 23, 1945. Associated Press Fotograf Joe Rosenthal hiked to the peak of Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. At 554 feet, it is the highest point on this island 750 watery miles from the shores of mainland Japan. Durch tiefen, vulkanischen Teufel, hört Rosenthal den ungewöhnlichen, unbekannten Schrecken von den Feuertruppen.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Das ist so wichtig, um aus diesem Punkt zu kommen, weil wirklich die, die, die Impression ist, sicherlich aus den Filmen, dass das nur ein paar Soldaten auf ein paar Inseln sind und wir nur nach Japan fliegen, aber in der Tat, Japan hat das seit Jahrhunderten gemacht, sie waren eine sehr, sehr gut gebaut, große militärische Maschine und viel davon war noch in den Hohen Inseln.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Ich meine, sie waren bereit, diesen Ort zu verteidigen. Before and during this war, I mean, it was a big part of their strategy. But for the US, why Iwo Jima? What was important about this particular place?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Okay. So they already, they've already done the groundwork, so to speak. Let's talk about the pork chop shape of this island is basically, it's got a huge volcano, as all those islands do out there. That's how they were created. And then there's a lot of flatness beyond that. And that's really useful for the purpose of landing big planes on it.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
I mean, this is generally speaking, just compressing the distance from the islands of the home islands all the way across. But it's also kind of strategic about how they measure from each other. Okinawa ist nicht zu weit weg und das wird der nächste sein. Also setzen sie immer noch diese Basis.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Aber ich glaube, das war der, ich habe in der Eröffnung die Fragen, die Gedanken über diese Strategie, weil Okinawa so viel für die Home Islands passiert, dass es so viel für die Home Islands passiert, dass es so viel für die Home Islands passiert, dass es so viel für die Home Islands passiert, dass es so viel für die Home Islands passiert. Es gab.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Und ich bewege mich in diesem Klappern-Pattern. Hier ist die Strategie des Eilendrückens so aufwändig in dieser Geschichte, aber ich habe es gerade wiederholt, als ich alles über diese Vorbereitung lesen musste. Und es war eine ziemlich ungewöhnliche Pläne. Es war eine sehr, sehr klare Idee, die großen Eilenden zu verlassen, die wirklich gut verteidigt wurden.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Es beginnt mit der New Guinea und Papua New Guinea und all das da unten. Und es wird eine sehr klare Art, sich über den Pazifik zu bewegen. We should mention also that part of the strategy is also to protect the flank of all this attack that will go on, because they do have these airfields, so they can launch off things to go after our planes and so forth in this attack.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Er ist auf hohem Wettbewerb für Landmine, als er die verletzten Angriffspositionen auf dem Weg übernimmt. Er folgt einem kleinen Gruppe US-Marine vor ihm. Though Rosenthal may not realize it now, this is a once-in-a-lifetime photographic opportunity. The soldiers are carrying an American flag to the heights of Suribachi, and Rosenthal intends to capture it all on film.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
The whole thing is called Operation Detachment. Die Erzeugung von Iwo Jima und wie du sagst, eventuell drei Hauptflugzeuge dort. Das würde dann die Invasion der japanischen Inseln ermöglichen, die wir in einem vorherigen Episode erwähnt haben, dass ich wirklich Menschen ermutigt habe, zu hören, über die Doolittle-Invasion, was ein wirklich faszinierendes Anfangsevent ist.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
Ich meine, Jahre vor dem, was wir heute sprechen, aber es ist wirklich alle Teil der gleichen Denkweise. Aber es ist auch wirklich interessant, was zwischen Nimitz und MacArthur passiert. Du weißt, diese ganze Idee des zweifachigen Ansatzes, das jetzt unifiziert wird. Iwo Jima markiert das, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
The eventual victory belies all the struggle internally that was happening, you know, among the command, especially famously between MacArthur and Nimitz, who was Navy versus Army. In there you have the Marines, of course, who are going to be the ones landing on those shores. They're not even consulted in this situation, are they?
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
At the top, the photographer composes his frame. Six men throw their combined weight into lifting the flagpole upright upon the jagged ground. None of the soldiers' faces are visible, but that doesn't matter. Indeed, it's the point. Der Schuss symbolisiert den selbstlosen Geist, der für Krieg und Kampf benötigt wird.
American History Hit
Battle of Iwo Jima
How anybody emerged from this with any nights of sleep amazes me. There is going to be 70,000 Marines landed on the shores of Iwo Jima. 70,000 on this tiny island. How many Japanese are they going to be fighting against? Do they know when they're coming? They've got a pretty good idea, right?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
By golly, that's me, Truman reportedly said, hearing his name called out on the convention floor. A minute earlier, he had been standing in a concession line buying a hot dog.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Ich meine, es ist wirklich fair zu sagen, dass in meiner Meinung Truman der erste moderne US-Präsident der Zeit ist. because he really does have to turn the wheel and change direction completely on major issues that have been taken for granted, for better or worse, by many Americans.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
You mentioned already something I want to say before we get into the heavy-duty international stuff, obviously in the summer. The reconversion is the term that I wasn't even familiar with before getting ready for this. Reconverting the economy from war to peacetime is the whole process of sort of reabsorbing all these soldiers who are coming home.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Ja, und die Inflation ist ein riesiges Problem. Ich meine, es steigen die Preise überall. Er kreiert das, was die Fair Deal heißt. Ich meine, er ist ein solcher Neudealer. Er trägt die gleiche Agenda wie sein Vorgänger, aber er übernimmt es als das, was die Fair Deal heißt. Was war das generell, was sich verändert hat?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
If you want to understand the stability of the US governance on the federal level, it really is a one hand to the next from the FDR to Truman to even Eisenhower straight through to LBJ with Kennedy in there. It's amazing. In July, Truman is now the third of the big three. He meets at Potsdam, as we've mentioned, in Germany with Stalin and Churchill.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Churchill is then replaced by Attlee halfway through. And this is all about finalizing the terms of the close of World War II, in particular the fate of Poland. Everything was really about Poland to start with, wasn't it?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Und dieser Fehler, diese Wahlen zu schaffen, die Selbstdeterminierung von Polen, ist wirklich der erste Moment für Truman über den Kolden Krieg, ist es nicht? Er erkennt, mit wem er handelt, und es wird kein Kompromiss sein.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Maybe it's his logistical mindset, the mind of an artillery man, strategizing the future and how far his firing will go. He is such a methodical guy, Harry Truman. You can kind of backtrack hindsight and see where all of these big themes come from. And then they sort of move forward. I guess that's true of most presidencies, but especially so with Truman.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Vielen Dank.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Let's talk about that. In August comes, of course, the fateful decision to use the atomic bomb to end the war with Japan. Referring listeners to our past episode number 99, entitled Oppenheimer, What if America never dropped the atomic bomb? And our first episode of the entire series in September 22 was the atomic bomb in the secret city. There's a lot to talk about here, of course.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
But as far as Truman is concerned, what is his basic reasoning? Haben wir alles gelernt, was wir wissen werden, warum er die Waffe benutzt hat?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
It was my father's favorite lesson to me. He was in the Philippines waiting for that attack on the home islands. And he said, you wouldn't be here without Harry Truman. That was what he always talked it up to, whether that was correct or not. That was my dad's version of things.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Er schreibt in seinem Journal, das ist ein Quote aus den Potsdamer Zeiten, dass wir die schlimmste Bombe in der Geschichte der Welt entdeckt haben. Es kann sein, dass die Feuerdestruktion in der Euphrates-Wall-Ära nach Noah und seinem faszinierenden Arsch propheziert wurde. Er war wissenswert, wie groß das war, sicher militärisch, aber auch wissenschaftlich, glaube ich, oder?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Hallo alle, willkommen zu American History Hit. Ich bin Don Wildman. Harry S. Truman arbeitete als Präsident von April 12, 1945 bis Januar 20, 1953. Acht Jahre, die die Post-World War II-Agenda für die Vereinigten Staaten und für die kommende Cold War einstellen würden.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Wie vorhin erwähnt, ist es nützlich, dass die Präsidentschaft von Truman in zwei Teilen stattfindet. Offensichtlich definiert von seiner Wahl im Jahr 1948. Vor diesem Jahr steigt er in die Rolle. Aber auch vor diesem Jahr, im Mai 1948, gibt es die Eröffnung von Israel, die, ich darf sagen, die meisten Amerikaner vergessen, auf Harry Trumans Wagen war. All das ist passiert.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Und er war ein großer Advokat von Israel. Er hat sie 11 Minuten nach der Eröffnung der Nation erkannt, gegen die Wünsche seiner nahesten Aide.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Der Monat, in dem Truman mit dem FDR erfolgreich war, April 1945, wurde Mussolini in einem italienischen Dorf getötet und Hitler verurteilte sich in seinem Berlin-Bunker. Drei Monate später wurde die erste atomische Bombe erfolgreich im Neue-Mexiko-Desert getestet.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Es spart sofort eine Krieg mit den Arabern. Ich meine, es ist eine unglaublich vertraute Entscheidung. Richtig, am nächsten Tag, ja. Er hat es nicht verraten, in der Lage dieser Krieg?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Es wäre Truman, der die furchtbare Entscheidung gemacht hat, sie zu verwandeln, in die Nuklear-Welt zu schlagen, als die Iron Curtain über die oberste Europa des Baltischen Sees nach der Adriatik herunterging. Hier zu Hause fand der moderne Zivilrechts-Movement Trägung gegenüber der südlichen Segregation und racialen Gewalt.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Not too long after, June 1948, the Berlin Airlift begins. Now, understand this is to anyone who's not familiar, Berlin is actually surprisingly in East Germany. So when the divide happens as a result of various circumstances, West Berlin, which we're taking care of, is in the middle of East Germany. So at that point, Stalin wants to sort of take over West Berlin.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Truman stand up to this and begins what's called the Berlin Airlift, which just goes on for a very long time, more than a year from June 48 to September 49. They do 277,000 flights into Tempelhof Airport, making it forever a shrine of this Western rescue effort. It's an incredibly interesting moment that Harris Truman really is the architect of, isn't he?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Und in amerikanischen Häusern überall brachte die TV-Welt Programme in die Wohnzimmer, wie die Ed Sullivan Show und I Love Lucy. Singin' in the Rain machte Spaß mit den Talkies, während Orwells 1984 eine dystopische Zukunft bemerkte und Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man 16 Wochen auf den Bestsellerlisten verbrachte.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
It defines that the overall Cold War mission of the West, and certainly the US, to contain and address Soviet expansion becomes the cause for decades to come. It starts really with the Berlin Airlift.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Es wird das Anfang der Truman-Doktrin werden, um die Domino-Theorie auszuschließen. Für mich ist es so interessant, Harry Trumans Präsidenten zu sehen, weil alles so gepackt ist, so viel passiert. Ich meine, wir sind noch nicht mal zu seinem gewählten Termin. Und all diese unglaublichen Dinge sind passiert.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Wenn nicht für jemanden wie diesen Mann, der in den tiefen Ende des Pooles springen könnte und einfach schwimmen würde, Es ist schwer zu glauben, dass es so eine erfolgreiche Einführung des amerikanischen Jahrhunderts sein würde.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Das ist der generelle Kontext für eine Präsidentschaft, die wir heute diskutieren werden, in der Firma von Mark Adams, der Direktor des Harry S. Truman-Libraries und Museums in Independence, Missouri. Willkommen, Mark, zu American History Hit. Schön, dich zu haben. Danke, Don.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Vielen Dank.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Oh, that's a fantastic place. I did an interview with Harry Truman's grandson there not too many years ago. So let's begin at the beginning, the famously humble beginnings of Harry S. Truman. You couldn't find a more complete antithesis to the aristocratic upbringing of, say, Franklin Roosevelt. Truman was reared on a Missouri farm, or a couple of them, born in Lahar, Missouri.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
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American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
The Trumans eventually settled in Independence, where you are today. Farming is a life he doesn't particularly like, but he works for the family farm until he's in his 30s. By the way, what does the S stand for?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
There are an awful lot of iconic photographs taken of Harry S. Truman. The man was unusually photogenic, with a flair for the dramatic. Here's one taken in July 1945. Truman sitting confidently in a wicker chair with Churchill and Stalin by his side. All three men at the Potsdam Conference, poised at the brink of the Cold War.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Ich sehe. The family finances are as rocky as the fields they plow. This prevents Truman from the education he dearly wanted. And I just want to underscore a fact I just blew past there. He worked on this farm until he was in his 30s. A man who will be president just a few decades later. It's amazing. Let's talk about the early years of Harry's education and so forth.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
He had wanted to go to West Point, but couldn't because of poor eyesight.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
That's right.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Interessant. Er wurde ein sehr talentierter Artillerie-Mann in der Infanterie und servierte in Frankreich mit viel Distinktion. Es ist eine Erfahrung da, die ihn wirklich verändert, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
He comes under intense fire. I mean, this man really did see combat several times in very famous battles there. You can't help but wonder how much that will come into play later on when he makes certain other decisions in his life. When he returns to the States, he is in Kansas City with big ideas of not returning to farming.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
This is a guy now in his 30s at this point, starts a store, a haberdashery with an army buddy, which does well at first and then ultimately fails because of the economy, right?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Wie kommt er endlich in die Politik?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Er sieht nicht wirklich eine große Zukunft für sich. Das ist so ironisch.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Ja, 1934, ich skippe jetzt etwa eine Dekade, er spielt für einen Senator. Und das ist aus der gleichen demokratischen Maschinerie, die von Tom Pendergrass gespielt wurde. Er gewinnt, aber er würde ohne Pendergrass nicht da sein, würde er?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Hier ist Truman, auch auf seinem Oval Office-Desk, mit dem Namenblatt, der berühmt sagt, dass der Buck hier aufhört. Und dann dieser, mit dem Lied, Dewey verliert Truman. Klassiker. Aber ein weniger bekanntes Bild ist mein Lieblingsbild. Es kommt aus der demokratischen Nationalkonvention im Chicago-Sommer von 1944.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Das wird später auf der Straße für ihn ein bisschen kontrovers werden. In 1944, mehr als halbwegs durch seinen zweiten senatorialen Termin, wird er nominiert, Henry Wallace als Vizepräsident von Roosevelt zu ersetzen. 1944, wir sind in der Mitte der 2. Weltkriege. Wir sind durch die Depression gekommen. Das ist ein enormer Teil der Geschichte, die Truman durchgekommen ist.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Wie wurde er für diese Position entschieden? Ich meine, Wallace, ich weiß, war eine gewaltige Figur.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Eines der Aspekte dieser Geschichte, das nie die Aufmerksamkeit bekommt, ist, wie viel die Leute wussten, dass die FDR wirklich tot ist. Ich meine, er sah aus wie ein Mann auf der Ecke. Wäre Truman und sein Volk darüber gewusst, hätte sie es erwartet, das zu passieren?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Ja, nur der Grundsatz hätte viel gesagt, glaube ich. Und Truman hätte deshalb gewusst, dass er in eine sehr mögliche Verwendungsrolle steigen würde. None the less, these two men barely knew each other, FDR and Truman. They'd only met twice during his vice presidency. And Truman did what vice presidents usually do, the Senate duties and official greetings and parties.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
But very famously, FDR did not instruct him of anything that was going on as far as the war was concerned. I mean, FDR was in his fourth term at this point, so people just kind of gave over to him, didn't they?
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Also war er völlig unvorbereitet. Die Zuhörer müssen das in Erinnerung halten, als wir diese Events in den Sommern 1945 beobachten, wie unvorbereitet Truman für diese Rolle des Präsidenten war. Keine Erfahrung in internationalen Verhältnissen zu sprechen. Und yet he handles this incredibly resourcefully, incredibly professionally. It's amazing.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Es erzeugt den Moment, kurz nachdem Truman als Franklin-Roosevelts Vise-Präsidential-Running-Mate ausgewählt wurde. Seine Hand wird von der Konvention-Vorsitzenden als Kamera-Bulbenflasche gehalten. It's funny when you look closer. It's almost as if Truman is dangling from the man's arm. His expression conveying a genuine sense of startled surprise.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Yeah, I mean, he's had two senatorial terms to get used to federal governance and he's a big presence on the hill. But nonetheless, this is another level altogether. Let's talk about the story of the moment when Truman finds out he is president. This is April 12th, 1945. He is about to start a poker game when the phone rings and he's asked to come to the White House.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
Yes. And so begins this amazing journey that he is about to undertake. He not only has to, of course, step into the official duties, but he has to emotionally carry the nation forward. A nation that has for 12 years, I suppose, been handled by FDR through the Depression and through World War II. It's an incredible time. Whole generations have been born into this time.
American History Hit
President Harry Truman: From Farm to Oval Office and the Atom Bomb
And suddenly this man has this unenviable task to help them understand this and to make this transition with him.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Hello everybody, I'm Don Wildman. Welcome back to American History Hit. Thanks for listening. Today we are in the realm of the counterfactual, asking the burning question, what if President John Kennedy had lived? What if Dallas never happened? What if those shots had missed? Of all the forks in the road that appear on that fateful day, one of the big questions seems to be this.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
JFK trifft Khrushchev. Ich war überrascht und musste mich daran erinnern. 1961 in Wien. Was passiert in dieser Konferenz?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Summer of 1963. Between 61 and 63, their advisors have been sent in. There is a beginning of an American presence there. The war is not going well. There's been a worldwide condemnation based on very famously these monks who've been self-immolating in the streets there. Those pictures were horrifying.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
A lot of protest has been going on about what is happening here as the United States inflicts itself on this land. Kennedy comes up with a withdrawal plan or not?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Would Kennedy have started a war in Vietnam? Many people argue this point, questioning whether he would have or would have not. But we have an excellent guest today to discuss this interesting question in the person of Frederick Logevall, historian at Harvard, a leading authority on JFK and the Vietnam War,
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
November 1963 ist natürlich der kritische Moment. Wir erinnern uns daran, als die Verurteilung stattfand, aber etwas anderes passierte dort, eine andere Verurteilung in Südvietnam. Der Leiter wurde getötet. Wie viel, ich meine, jetzt beginnst du, in die Konspirationstheorie zu schweigen.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
It seems pretty incredible that these two major events of two world leaders being killed in the same month are not related in some way. That's where you can take off. So let's discuss first of all, what is that assassination, the real facts of it.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
His 2013 book, Embers of War, The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam, won the Pulitzer Prize. Wow. He is currently working on a three-volume biography of JFK. The first volume, JFK, Coming of Age in the American Century, published in 2020. Volume 2 is out next year. Dr. Logevall is a former guest on American History Hit back in 2023. And here back again.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Es macht dich schmerzen, es tut es wirklich. Es ist so seltsam und Ironie ist das schwächste Wort überhaupt, aber es ist eine unglaubliche Reihe von Events. So now we move into this counterfactual land. As you say, three weeks later, JFK himself is killed.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
There are many, as I mentioned at the top of the show, who draw a direct link between his position and decisions about Vietnam, where it's all heading. und seines Tötens. Woher denken Sie, dass JFK an der Frage war, ob er die Kriegskrise an dieser Stelle auslösen kann, genau als er gestorben ist?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
That quote is from an interview with Walter Cronkite, as I understand it, which is three months earlier in September 63. He says, actually, in the final analysis, it is their war. If we withdrew, they are the ones who have to win it or lose it. But I skipped to the next part of the quote, which is, if we withdrew from Vietnam, the communists would control Vietnam pretty soon.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaya would go. I mean, he is as on the fence as the entire nation is. This is the problem for America. As you thrust yourself forward as the superpower we've now become, we're caught in the middle of a lot of stuff. And this is the problem.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Thank you very much for joining us. Oh, I'm pleased to be with you, Don. Counterfactuals, I know, can bother established historians, so thank you for indulging us today.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
I think it really kind of boils down to what would happen in 1965, JFK versus LBJ. You know, that's kind of the moment. Would he have gone the way LBJ does, which is to send in more troops or not, is the question. And it really dates back to 64, the election at that point. You know, once he wins the election, he's going to have more political momentum to do what he needs to do.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Ja, das andere, was ich sagen würde, und das ist ein faszinierendes Teil davon, und es gibt gute Beweise dafür, Don.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
If listeners are waiting for us to talk about the counterfactual of the assassination, that's not what we're on today. We're talking about the counterfactual of JFK and his outlook on Vietnam. Why do you think JFK is such a good subject for counterfactual? I mean, I'll answer my own question.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
A young man still, you know, at that time, still forming opinions, still in a sort of dynamic moment in his life.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Yeah, it's very interesting to imagine that this president, who had been through such a torturous moment with the Cuban Missile Crisis, never mind the Bay of Pigs, as he came into office, sees the futility of all of this. The negotiation is necessary and a relationship with the Soviet Union as opposed to traditional domino theory.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Hindsight is 2020. I mean, we see how it really worked out. Yes, we did develop a, you know, detente under Nixon presidents, you know, who probably learned a lot from how he remembered JFK. All of that happens. We end up with a failure in Vietnam that ends up being a relationship with Vietnam. It's incredibly, we can be very wise looking back at all. Let's talk about JFK himself.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Well, it's very poignant, actually, in the case of JFK, because he was so young. And it's interesting to question what he would have done with the second half of his life, never mind with these critical decisions.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
What was the power of Camelot? Had it been realized already? Where would he have gone had he lived onward?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
For the purpose of this discussion, which is all about Vietnam, let's walk through a bit of the timeline that many Americans, even our listeners, are unfamiliar with or forget about, which is that the American war in Vietnam was really part two of a conflict that had been going on since really the 40s.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Vielen Dank. Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Das beginnt wirklich von 1946 bis 1954, als Frankreich, die kolonisierende Macht in Vietnam war, die Viet Minh kämpfte, lediglich von Ho Chi Minh, für die Kontrolle von Vietnam. Das ist, wo es beginnt. Können Sie uns durch die echten Headlines an diesem Punkt gehen?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Untertitelung. BR 2018 Vielen Dank. Vielen Dank. Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 As the film spools forth, the motorcade is seen gliding around the corner, slowly. And the young president, John Kennedy, side by side with his wife in the rear seat of the limousine, bathed in sepia tones, in the last flush of a more hopeful era, smiles and begins to wave. We all know what happened next.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Die Domino-Theorie wurde als der Grund für diesen Stand genannt, den wir dort machen. Ja. Das geht wirklich zurück zu Truman. Vietnam wurde als das Domino gesehen, das fallen würde. Und dann gehen wir nach den Philippinen und so weiter. Und es war wichtig, dass wir unseren Stand hier machen. Faithful, was ist die Unterschiede zwischen Viet Minh und Viet Cong?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
That's really interesting. It's very important to sort of see this in three parts, I guess. You have the French War there and then the American sort of in-between-ness from 1960 onward until really 1965, which is when LBJ commits new troops to this thing and everything gets escalated right through the later part of the 60s into the 70s.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Das ist wirklich wichtig zu verstehen, weil dieses Zeitraum, über das wir sprechen werden, das Konterfaktional, das wir vorgestellt haben, wirklich entscheidet, ob wir gehen oder nicht, basierend auf JFKs Ausdruck von Dingen.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
So what were JFK's views of this issue in real life? In 1951, he goes to Vietnam, doesn't he?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Was ist der eigentliche Grund für diese Reise? Ich meine, er geht da auf eine Faktenfinding-Mission, glaube ich, oder?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
It's pretty extraordinary to think that, especially John Kennedy, a famous war hero from World War II, at this time of supreme American power would have questioned whether or not we could win against a small country like this. How did he find this out? How did he develop this feeling? Were the French failing so badly at that point?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Wir wissen alle, wie sich die Welt an dem Tag verändert hat, wie die Geschichte einen neuen Kurs nach dem anderen und für immer mehr folgte. Aber was, wenn es anders war, an dem tragischen Tag im November 1963? Was, wenn Lee Harvey Oswald verpasst hätte, oder seine Waffe verpasst hätte, oder ein Dutzend andere Möglichkeiten? Was dann? Was, wenn JFK nicht gestorben wäre?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
There are those, even today, who consider Vietnam not the disaster that everyone thinks of it as. That this was a chess game being played and that we contained them one way or the other from spreading onward. Did JFK subscribe to the idea of this strategy or not?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Ich denke, er hat sich zu einem gewissen Grad darauf eingelassen, zumindest für einen Zeitraum.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Ich bin begeistert, dass er einer gewesen wäre, der die Unterschiede zwischen einer Weltkriegs-Zufriedenheit, in der ein ungewöhnliches Zufrieden ist, und dieser Art von Polizistenaktion, die ich vermute, was die amerikanische Militärin gesehen hat, unsere Rolle in der Welt zu werden, mit einer dominanten Theorie, dass wir in kleineren Kriegen anderswo teilnehmen würden und sie nicht selbst bezeichnen würden.
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
So is it fair to say he comes home from this more than month long trip with a negative view of the US presence or possible presence in Vietnam?
American History Hit
What If JFK Wasn't Shot?
Well, he's certainly right about the French. And by 1961, when he is in office, he's faced with that fateful decision over whether or not to go to war in a Southeast Asian country. Falling on the brink of communism. Tell us about Laos. You know, we talk about Vietnam as if it's an isolated thing. We have Laos and Cambodia and all the rest of it. But that really played a role in it, didn't it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja, er war erfolgreich. And he comes back and he creates two maps, as I understand, which were sent back to London, but those maps were lost.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
But meanwhile, across the Atlantic, many of their compatriots, who set sail from this very stretch of the Thames over the past two decades, struggle to survive. Numbering barely a thousand, they face constant threats. Reprisals from Native Americans whose land they occupy. Disease bred from a lack of infrastructure. And the ever-present risk of starvation. Musik
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
It's communism pretty much, isn't it? Those maps make it to London or are they just lost into time?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
I'm harping on this only because I want to know, did he understand that he was part, where they were was part of this greater continent, aside from that even went further west or not?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Who were these settlers? They were all men at first. How were they chosen and how did they operate when they got there?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Hallo und willkommen, ich bin Don Wildman und das ist American History Hit. In diesem dritten Episode unserer Jamestown-Serie, schauen wir uns näher an, was es eigentlich war, in Jamestown zu leben. Wer war in Kontrolle? Wie haben sie die Frieden in der Forte behalten können? Und wie haben sie den ever-presenten Herausforderung, eine Arbeitsstätte zu kreieren und dann zu behalten, entschlossen?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
I mean, it was a reasonable thought that they were going to find it.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja, sie fanden Leute, die schon das Gold gefunden haben. Ja. Yeah, yeah. But that, again, there are societies at this point, we're very well aware nowadays, huge societies that have gone up through the middle of the nation, what we call the United States today, the Cahokia Mounds and so forth. I mean, really, they weren't that far away from really big civilizations.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Aber hatten sie das gemacht, was die Spanier gemacht haben, brachten ihre Armeen oder was auch immer. Es war eine andere Geschichte.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja, genau. Wie viele Siedler waren da zu Beginn? Ich versuche nur, den Skopel der Dinge zu bekommen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Um herauszufinden, bin ich bei Willie Ballerson, Direktor von Leben, Geschichte und historischen Verträgen bei Jamestown Rediscovery. Grüße, Willie. Schön, mit dir zu sein. So glücklich, mit dir zu sein. In den vorigen zwei Episoden haben wir die Geburt von Jamestown besprochen und dann haben wir die Beziehungen mit indigenen Bevölkerungen diskutiert.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And that's how they make it through that first winter and even the second one.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
It's the third one, the famous starving time, 1609 into 10, right? That's when things are really bad. Before that, I want to understand, when did the women arrive? 1608, as I understand.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
My God. Lord Bacon, a member of the Council for Virginia, states about 1620, this is sometime later, but it's an interesting quote, that when a plantation grows to strength, then it is time to plant with women as well as men, that the plantation may spread into generations and not be forever pieced from without.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Was ich interessant finde, ist das, was wir in Episode 2 besprochen haben, was das Anfang der Idee der Pflanzung war. Die Routen des amerikanischen Südens, was direkt in den 19. Jahrhundert und weiter geht, beginnt wirklich mit Jamestown, mit der Idee, diese agro-faktorische Fabrik zu erschaffen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Wir werden in diesem Episode mehr über die Tag-zu-Tag-Operationen des Places sprechen. Wie haben sie es angefangen? Wie haben sie es gestartet? Und dann, was ist am Ende passiert? This all happens, what I'm talking about, over what period of time exactly?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
I mean, it's very natural. It's the straight line you can draw from feudalism, you know, where you have the town and the market and so forth, all the way through to the plantations of the South, differs from what happens in the North dramatically. It's a fascinating dichotomy of American culture, really, and that which eventually leads to all sorts of trouble.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
But it all kind of has its seeds in this first iteration in Jamestown. You talked about Christopher Newport going back to England. How much back and forth was going on with the home country?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja. Aber diese ersten drei Jahre sind die Hölle auf der Erde für diese Menschen. Ich meine, es ist eine furchtbare Erfahrung und führt zu echter Tod und Zerstörung. Und ein Teil davon ist auch die Krankheit allein, großzügig wegen schlechter Wasser, richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Combined with a siege in the winter of 1609 and 10, that leads to the starvation, which of course takes out so many more people. 300 Einwohner wurden in den Fort eingeklemmt, als die Native Amerikaner diese Begegnung gegründet haben. Am Ende des Winters verbrachten sie ihre Schuhe, sie tun alles, was sie können, um zu überleben, insbesondere Kannibalismus.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And the entity that actually founds it is called the Virginia Company of London, which is chartered under King James I, hence Jamestown. But the existence of this particular enterprise lasts, I guess, from 1607 to 1624. Is that fair?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
So let's talk about the founding of this. Who's in charge of the Virginia Company?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und das ist berühmt, weil wir hier viele Jahre übergehen. Wir sind jetzt 1619. Das ist das berühmte Anfang der amerikanischen Entschlossene. Das sind die 400 Jahre der Entschlossene in Amerika. Das ist das Anfang. I'm just wanting to underscore the fact that this was not necessarily a system at this point, as far as let's procure this. This has just sort of happened.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
The original deal was, we'll give you these people for food, as I understand, right? That's correct. This was a barter situation.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And this system, which was a system, had been going on for a hundred years already, down in Central and South America areas in New Spain.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Aber ich sage auch, dass das willkommen war, weil sie diese neue Geldgröße hatten, die sie viel mehr mit einer größeren Arbeitskraft größen konnten. So wurden diese Verschlossenen in die Welt genommen und Teil der Jamestown-Welt geworden.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Sure. I mean, it's the beginning of a horror show that eventually ends up in the American Civil War, 230 years later, and it starts in Jamestown. But circumstances are a little more complicated than it's usually given credit for.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja. So many seeds are planted here. You know, the seeds of the Virginia colony soon to come in the timeline, but also the seeds of how this southern way of life will really propagate. And part of that, if you're going to use this feudal system that's been brought over from England, then you need a servant class. You need an enslaved class in this case.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And that becomes a very good way to make a profit down the road. I'm not putting that on Jamestown necessarily, although that is the beginning of things. But you're right, this becomes a very, very convenient way to make a lot of money.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
dass das ein Alien-Welt ist, in das sie reisen. Sie müssen also eine komfortable Struktur für sich selbst erstellen, die sich an die alten Tage erinnert. Das erste, was passiert, ist, dass sie diese Orte öffnen, als sie angekommen sind. Ein pivoter Moment, wie man es sich vorstellen kann. War es typisch für all diese Art von Unternehmensveranstaltungen mit Spanisch und Deutsch und so weiter?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
In our next episode, we will be covering the downfall of James Downer, or at least the transition, as you corrected me at the beginning, that many people don't understand. So we'll get to that, but I just want to cap this off by explaining where you come from, Willie, and where people can find out more about what we just talked about.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Amazing. That's the rediscovery of Jamestown. That's literally the name, isn't it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
But we have one more episode to do, and we'll cover the last part of the Jamestown story. Thank you, Willie Baldwin. We'll talk to you soon. Thank you so much, Don. Hey, thanks for listening to American History Hit. Don't miss an episode. By hitting like and follow, you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
I'm going to run through the names just because I have them written down. Bartholomew Gosnold, Christopher Newport, John Martin, John Ratcliffe, George Kendall and John Smith, the famous John Smith. This was the initial council, which they would have read about in these orders, right? Correct.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Interestingly, the first representative assembly in English North America, isn't it, that convenes in Jamestown?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Es war eine Art, den Kronen auch zu schützen, war es nicht? Wenn man diese kommerzielle Entität kreiert, wenn es falsch geht, ist es ihre Schuld und die Verkäufer werden ihr Geld verlieren, aber es reflektiert nicht schlecht oder kostet dem Kronen mehr Geld.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
The language, as I understand it, in these orders reads, Pretty straightforward. So this council of five or six, five gentlemen and one, basically they're going to make all the rules for the foreseen future. There's no one exactly in charge. There's no president of the council.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
London in the 1620s is expanding at an extraordinary pace. With a population surpassing 200,000 at the turn of the century, the city's houses are linked not only by roads, but by elm-piped water mains and licensed hackney carriages, early predecessors to modern taxis. London's streets teem with a diverse mix of people from across the British Isles and beyond.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ist das primär wegen seines militärischen Präzises? Sind sie hier für Probleme angekommen?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
John Smith, so ein berühmter Name, natürlich für die Pocahontas-Legenden, wirklich der Mythos von John Smith, aber er nimmt den Helm auf, dieses Gebiet zu entdecken und es auszumappen, richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Was he well known as an adventurer before they left for Jamestown?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
While the poor crowd into makeshift dwellings built wherever space allows, the wealthy move through the city in French-tailored clothing of indigo-dyed fabrics and silk stockings. Their meals are seasoned with pepper, imported by the East India Company, arriving at the docks in Blackwall.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
The ultimate twist at the end. They could not have been happy about this. They were probably very happy to set him off into the woods alone and go map this river.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
As he steadies his gaze into the blinding lights and hulking TV cameras, Ike prepares to take aim at an unanticipated target. An insidious enemy, to be sure, but one that's growing Within the US Government. Greetings listeners, glad you're with us from either side of the Atlantic or elsewhere. This is American History Hit and I'm Don Wildman.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Also er hat Taft in der Konvention gewonnen, also das war in der Partei gearbeitet. Dann gewinnt er in einem Landslide gegen Adlai Stevenson, der wieder verlieren wird und der nächste auch, aber... He's really taken power at this point with a big mandate. This is the return of the Republican Party to Washington, D.C. You know, shades of what's happening today in many ways.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
But I want to mark this moment just to say, before he gets the presidency, interestingly, he was the president of Columbia University, which is a kind of awkward phase of his life. But during which time he actually sort of Er hat sich wirklich durch dieses Institut gestartet, das für Internationalismus gearbeitet hat.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Er wollte wirklich darauf konzentrieren, internationale Beziehungen stark zu bauen. Ich möchte es nur erwähnen, weil es wichtig ist, zu erkennen, dass das im Gesicht vieler Menschen ist, die sagen, oh, dieser Kommunismus... Oh, der 2. Weltkrieg. Wir drücken unsere Rücken auf das. Eisenhower ist derjenige, der sagt, nein, wir sind Teil dieses Welt.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Und wir werden das in sehr subtilen Wegen weiterarbeiten. Don, du bist so richtig.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Es ist auch die nukleare Zeit. All das ist natürlich unter Harry Truman's Watch passiert. Und so sind wir plötzlich in einem brandneuen Weltraum mit dieser unglaublich beeindruckenden Technologie, die wir dachten, dass sie unsere sein wird und niemand anderes, aber es ist natürlich überall im Weltraum. Was ist Eisenhowers Strategie und wie man mit dieser Realität umgeht?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Right, right. He even threatens, he said to have threatened to use nuclear missiles on China in order to end the Korean War. Is that just speculation or did that actually happen?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
So the mutually assured destruction infers that he realized that no one was going to win this war. He was the one that really figured that out. I mean, not personally, but I mean, he was the president at the time that that is realized as a sort of chess move, right? That this is checkmate for the world as far as we can't even use these weapons unless it's destruction.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Interesting. How does this play in Taiwan? I mean, we have taken, you know, we're on the side of Taiwan, we never signed a treaty with them, but he places that under the nuclear umbrella, doesn't he?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Dwight David Eisenhower, Ike to family, friends and colleagues, became the 34th President of the United States in 1953, serving a full two terms until 1961. This was the era when America became first captivated by Elvis Presleys pelvic pulsations and the changing fashions of a beat generation.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
In our last episode for the President Series, we talked about, of course, Harry Truman. And I was fascinated by the fact that you could really root so much of the modern American political thought in Truman's presidency. You know, certainly to do with civil rights. And it really takes a turn towards what we know today.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
You can root in Eisenhower so much of the status quo, as I mentioned at the top of the show. So much of, certainly my generation, that we accept as America's role in the world and the way we view ourselves and our allies and so forth, really starts with Eisenhower. And that's important to nail down in this conversation because we're now going to turn towards Das ist ein Paradox in Eich.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Ich meine, es ist ein Paradox in Eich. Es ist die Hypokrise, mit der die USA schon lange kämpfen werden. Wir haben eine Superkraft, die der Präsident als Schutz für andere im Weltraum präsentiert, die Freiheit, die sie genießen müssen, und die Schutz von ihren Feinden. In der Zwischenzeit, zu Hause, ist nicht alles hunky-dory, offensichtlich.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Auf dem Bild hat Marilyn Monroe adulte Zuschauer in Filmen wie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, während Teenies über James Deans brütende Brüste in Rebel Without a Cause gezwungen. Während dieser Präsidentschaft haben die McDonnell Brothers Ray Kroc getroffen, die Notion der modernen Suburbia wurde gehackt.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
So we've mentioned it in passing several times there. How does the Cold War affect the Civil Rights Movement? Yes.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Eine generell konservative soziale Ordnung hat gewachsen und die späteren Nostalgie von American Graffiti und Happy Days inspiriert. But this was also the time of Rosa Parks famously refusing to give up her seat and Martin Luther King Jr. emerging to lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In discussing the Eisenhower Presidency, we'll focus today on its crucial role in the Cold War and civil rights.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Earl Warren war sein Anwalt. Earl Warren wird der Hauptverfassungsgericht. Er wird der Warren-Kurz, der so viel mit den Zivilen Rechten zu tun hat. War das intentional, ihn, diesen ex-Kaliforniener Anwalt?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Yeah. So Brown versus Board of Education is the 1954 decision to desegregate the schools throughout the South, but it's specific to Kansas. And Little Rock comes next. I just want to establish that Ike was not seeing this come as a result of his presidency. He didn't run on this platform, not in the first term or the second, right?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Topics very resonant today, as the United States is now shuffling its cards and seeming to deal from a new deck. Our guest for this today has been with us before Check out episode 277 on the Spanish-American War Glad to have him Chris Nichols is a professor of history and the Wayne Woodrow Hayes Chair of the National Security Studies at The Ohio State University.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
He is currently working on a book about Eisenhower and the 1952 election. Hello, Chris Nichols. Welcome back to the pod. Don, it's great to be back with you. Thanks for having me. Let's first touch on the backdrop I described in the opening there. The 1950s, such a fabled time in American history, at least in the media and the music.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Is this fair, given the contradictions of the Cold War and what was being confronted in civil rights? Why are we so nostalgic for these so-called happy days?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
My World War II parents, I mention them all the time on this podcast, always said, always rolled their eyes when Happy Days was on. Like, it wasn't like that at all, they would say to me, at least in our household, I suppose. And so, you know, there's a lot of contradictions, which are the texture we'll be talking about today.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Januar 17, 1961, die White House. Obwohl es bald eine Tradition in modernen Präsidentschaften werden, sind sie in der Ära von Dwight D. Eisenhower immer noch eine Auszeichnung der Regierungen. Aber an diesem Tag, der Tag der Begründung seines Nachfolgers, für Präsident Dwight Eisenhower ist seine fähige Begründung für das Land ein Imperativ geworden.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
It might seem strange as we begin a discussion about President Eisenhower with a question about someone else entirely. But it's a good place to start. Who was Robert Taft and how does he contribute to Ike becoming president?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
The Marshall Plan has everything to do with this. All the, as you say, blood and treasure, the treasure especially, going into creating a whole stability in Europe that many Americans back home, understandably in some cases, you know, having lost loved ones, etc., back in the Pacific and in Europe, don't want to have any part in this. You know, we've had two wars in Europe, enough already.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
You mentioned the term Internationalism. Eisenhower, understandably, spent most of World War II over there, figuring out how to win that war. Now he's back home, trying to figure out how to preserve that victory. Where does he land with the Marshall Plan as a tool in all of that?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
After leading the nation to victory in World War II and serving a full two terms as its commander-in-chief for the last eight years, one might expect this to be a glowing tribute to his own administration's political success, a victory lap. But instead, this speech will have a darker, more urgent and prescient tone.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Exactly. This is the major theme or one of the major themes of Eisenhower's time in the White House is this internationalism versus isolationism. That which we hear about all day long these days has its roots in Eisenhower 80 years ago or about 75 years ago.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
So let's back up now and talk about Eisenhauers origins himself, where he comes from, and we'll get back to the presidency in just a few moments. Raised in Kansas, hometown Abilene, Kansas, along the way the family was in Texas and so forth, but they were a deeply religious family. Many, many brothers, for one thing, which I wasn't aware of. His mom becomes a Jehovah's Witness.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
His father, I guess, is an engineer, is that right? Mm-hmm. Yeah. His mother was against him joining the army, but Dwight Eisenhower wanted to go to West Point and did, does very well. Serves in World War I, only domestically, to his great chagrin, he does not go abroad. But he develops tank strategy alongside the likes of George Patton. You know, he's very much this modern warfare kind of guy.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
Then, interestingly, serves between the wars under Douglas MacArthur. And they have a very antagonistic, prickly relationship for the rest of their lives, apparently. He begins World War II as a staff officer, ends it as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. It's an incredible professional leap that this man makes from one thing to the other.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
It's an astonishing episode unto itself. You know, how did Eisenhower become Eisenhower? It had everything to do with that moment of taking what he had learned in the trenches of his career... und World War I und in diese neue Art von Krieg der Weltkrieg II. By 1950 he was appointed Supreme Commander of NATO, as we've already mentioned. That sets the table for his run for the presidency in 1952.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
When he runs for the presidency in 1952, what are politics like in the Republican Party? Harry Truman wanted him to be a Democrat, didn't he?
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
A former five-star general means to warn his country of a clear and present danger to its existence. So what is it? This dire threat? About who or what does Eisenhower wish to raise an alarm? A communist adversary flexing its military might? The dreaded Democrats returning to executive power? ICBMs on their way from Russia? To the contrary.
American History Hit
President Eisenhower: War on Soviets & Segregation
How did Eisenhower view the communist threat, which has so much to do with this backdrop?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Let's talk about Douglas' relationship with Lincoln. He first meets him in 1863. Is this before or after the proclamation?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
And how we carry his fight for justice beyond that conflict into the new America he has helped to create. Hello all, this is American History Hit. I'm Don Wildman. Frederick Douglass, geboren und verheiratet in Talbot County, Maryland, in 1818, bekam unvorstellbare Schwierigkeiten, um ein Leitlicht in der Kampf gegen die Zauberung zu werden.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So that first meeting is about getting that better pay and conditions for those black soldiers, right?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Yeah. The conversations you're talking about, there were three meetings once in 63 and then in 64 to discuss, as you're saying. One of the overarching themes here is what's going to happen if the union loses? You know, that's the big problem here, obviously. Right. And Lincoln seeks out that advice from Douglas.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So how much is Frederick Douglass involved in the discussions about reengineering American society with the upcoming amendments that are going to be required? You're reminding people that at this point, the South is not part of the discussion in the Congress. These are, you know, this is how this gets done. That doesn't happen until after the war that the South starts reentering the discussions.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Erstehend von der Zauberung als junger Mann, hat er sich gelernt, zu lesen und zu schreiben, wurde ein berühmter Orator und bestsellender Autor, nicht zu erwähnen, dass er am Ende den Publisher seines eigenen Newspapers, den Northern Star, anbietete, für Abolition und Gleichheit.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So during this time, I'm trying to think of Charles Sumter, all these guys who were in the U.S. Congress. Was Douglass involved? Was he part of those discussions? Was he talking to these guys?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
By 1860 he had become a celebrity figure in the North, a free man, now a husband and father living in Rochester, New York, and facing down, along with the rest of the nation, the inevitability of civil war. We spent a previous episode of this podcast on the earlier chapters of Frederick Douglass' astonishing biography.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Was ist Frederick Douglass' Meinung und seine Partizipation in »The Downfall of Reconstruction«? I'm skipping 10 years of this man's life at this moment, but let's just go to that point, 1877. The Hayes administration is coming in and all of what we've discussed in other episodes is taking place. The compromises that eventually lead to the destruction of the collapse of Reconstruction.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
And today we go further, discussing his years during the Civil War and beyond, again with an accomplished writer himself, Sidney Morrison, author of Frederick Douglass, a novel. Sidney is a former history teacher and school principal in the Los Angeles area and it's great to have him back. Hello Sidney, welcome once again to American History Hit.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So much of the construction era had to confirm his greatest dreams for this country.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So, when we last spoke, we were approaching the events leading up to the vigilante attack, John Brown's attack on Harper's Ferry. How well did Douglas know about John Brown and was he tempted to take part in that?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Wow, okay. Er kommt endlich in 1860 nach Hause, oder?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So what were Douglas' thoughts on the Civil War, generally speaking, at the start of this thing? How did he see the urgency of it and how would it unfold for him in his mind? I mean, this is a brilliant man we're talking about. He understands the implications of this battle.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
I find this to be the most extraordinary moment in understanding this man's psychology. Because this is a formerly enslaved person. He's now become a very famous person and quite accomplished. Best-selling author, etc., etc. But how much of a horror show is he looking at here with this country where he had been in shackles is now right to the very top declaring that this is a Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Corinthians Hall, Rochester, New York, 5. Juli, 1852. Frederick Douglass hat für etwa eine Stunde auf dem Deus gesprochen. Der Wärme in der Hall hat sich erhöht mit der Intensität seiner Worte. Aber außer für ein oder zwei unruhige Seelen bleibt der Publikum transfixiert. Seine Stimme klingelt, als er das, was sich als eine seiner berühmtesten und berühmtesten Oratorien bekannt macht.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
So I understand his own view. I mean, just sort of amazing, brilliant view of this whole thing in his head, but he's also committing his sons to this battle as well.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
Um, he has two sons, Lewis and Charles both serve in the famous 54th, the all black infantry. Yes. What did this do in his own family? I mean, it must have frightened his wife, right?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Civil War to Statesman
What to the American slave, Douglas asks, is your 4th of July? I answer, a day that reveals to him more than any other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. Less than a decade later, the United States will be torn asunder by a war fought over the very issue of slavery. What role will Douglas play in that tortured struggle?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
We can't play down the fact that these positions that he was staking out were controversial and difficult to build those coalitions around. He becomes the majority whip, which is the functionary in Congress who organizes these votes in their constituency. Then in the 50s, he's the Senate minority leader. Then he's the majority leader in 1954.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
All of this is building this notable legislation, which would arise out of Johnson's leadership. I mean, he's there at the beginning of federal oversight of those civil rights decisions, Brown versus Board of Education, for example, 1954. I mean, major things are happening in the 50s, and really at the center of it all is Lyndon Johnson, one way or the other.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I mean, he's on record using the N-Word. He's got all kinds of vagaries going on in his personality. But you can't discount the fact that what he's involved in as we go is bolder and bolder legislation in defense of people in these situations. And that's why it's so important to understand his origins, you know, where he comes from. And so all that is sort of tapped into as we go along here.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He becomes the Vice President, which is such an interesting and strange thing. He leaves positions of great power and influence in the Congress and takes the position that is famously not like that, which is Vice President. Why does he do this for Kennedy?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Seine Augen wurden von schlaflosen Nachts ausgelöst. Sein Knie war oft los und krank, als ob er für Luft schlug. There are photos of him with his head in his hands, or slumped across a table in an empty room, beaten down with nothing left in the tank. At last came his stunning farewell. Speaking to the nation, he delivered the words that would mark his political end.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
How does his moving into the White House, or at least the race for the White House, play in the realignment of the Southern Democrats? I guess that really comes later under Nixon for sure, but there's a big shift going on here.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
across much of the earlier part of his career. I guess I asked that question because we always talk about that kind of happening, you know, like these guys, Strom Thurmond, they all walk out of the convention and all that sort of things happen. But LBJ is right in the middle of all that stuff. He knows all these guys. He's always manipulating all these guys.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I always wondered what his role was in the departure of the Southern Democrats from this whole coalition.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Ich bin gezwungen zu sagen, dass er, das kommt aus dem Herzen, aber alles ist politisch mit Johnson. Er ist ein brillanter Praktizist in diesem Bereich.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He, of course, becomes president tragically through the assassination of John F. Kennedy, which we've done stories about in the past, and we're not going to go down that rabbit hole, but I do want to ask you about Tell me about his experience on November 22nd.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He's sworn in on board Air Force One. In that very famous picture with incredibly Jackie Kennedy standing next to him. Did he insist on her being there or was that her doing? I forget. The story goes that it was his idea.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Vielleicht verstehe ich es mit dem Outfit, das sie trägt, weil ich glaube, Lady Bird Johnson anruft, sie zu verändern, und sie sagt, nein, ich will, dass sie sehen, was sie getan haben. Genau. Sie, wer auch immer. Ja. Und tatsächlich, das ist meine nächste Frage.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Ich meine, es muss sofort gewesen sein, dass die Konspirationstheorie angefangen hat, über irgendeine Art von Rolle, die er spielen könnte. Ich meine, es passiert in Texas, das ist sein Heimatland. Natürlich ist er, du weißt, es spielt zu seinem Vorteil, wenn du es so sehen willst. Wie hat er diese Skeptiker selbst beantwortet, oder hat er es?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I repeat, please look back in the archive. I don't have the numbers to cite right now, but there are episodes about the JFK assassination, which are really fascinating. He is sworn in in November 1963. Obviously, a year later, he has to run for president on his own. He wins an unprecedented victory. 1964, a gigantic landslide against Barry Goldwater. 61% of the popular vote.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Highest percentage ever, going back to 1824, when widespread elections even began. He was immediately engaged in anti-poverty programs, while Goldwater was pushing the opposite agenda, low-tax, small government. This is really kind of a, there's many themes that sort of resonate many times, New Deal themes that go on here.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
One episode of that campaign, which is fascinating because it was the advent of television advertising really, is the Daisy ad that portrays Goldwater as a dangerous extremist. It was gloves off for Lyndon Johnson, wasn't it?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I mean, the feelings about the assassination alone. The Johnson Presidency. Say what you will about the success or failure of the Great Society programs over the long haul. Boy, the man could get things done. Very few presidents, FDR of course comes to mind, have passed more landmark legislation than LBJ. Let me just list a few of the biggest ones. 1964 Civil Rights Act breaks Jim Crow.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He does this by outmaneuvering those Southern Democrats that I was listing. How does he do that?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Any presidential... Any win of that magnitude is a mandate, basically. And so not a lot of people are going to stand in the way of that for at least the first half of the first term. Followed by Voting Rights Act 1965, the most significant civil rights law he ever passes. Fair Housing Act, 1968, Civil Rights Act, is what that really is. Medicare, and then you just start checking the list.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
It is American History Hit and I'm your host Don Wildman. Thanks for stopping by. The presidential years of Lyndon Baines Johnson, America's 36th president 1964 to 1968, were packed crammed full of torment and turmoil. All sadly bookended by the shooting deaths of two brothers, John F. Kennedy in 63 and Robert F. Kennedy a short five years later.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I mean, Medicare, Medicaid, Immigration Act, Clean Air Act, Elementary and Secondary Education Act. It's just amazing to think of a time when so much was getting passed by Congress that the public was like, this is my childhood. I mean, this is how I assumed Congresses worked. Yeah, yeah. You know, that issues got raised and people talked about it.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
The news articles argued about it a little bit, the op-eds. And then all of a sudden we got big new programs, you know, federal government fixing things. Acts included NPR, PBS, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Endowment for the Arts. Everything that is being argued out right now and many of them being, you know, about canceled is Johnson, right? Ja, das ist wahr.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
There must have been a time, a speech, a State of the Union, somewhere where he really explained what great society means. When does he say that?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Of course, he's accused of being myopically, you know, dedicated to the New Deal, basically, because that's what he sees as a congressman working out for America. World War II comes along, he continues his work in that regard.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Beide unsere Geschichten sind interaktiv zu heute's Episode, als wir überlegen, wie Johnson's Präsidentschaft die Folgen einer Nation in einer domänischen Krise mit entflammten Tensionen im Ausland, alle gegen den Hintergrund des Zivilrechts-Movements setzten, die wirkliche Gewinne in der Nation machten, trotz der Verletzungen ihrer vordersten Führer, insbesondere Malcolm X und Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
But then, you know, this is where we get the division that exists so definitely today between, you know, the idea that the federal government can do anything to fix problems on the domestic side of American life versus those who still believe in this. We're almost guilty of not just sort of updating, almost like the Constitution needs a convention.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
We needed to update the great society so people understood what it was in their age. Because we're still stuck on the LBJ aspect of it. There was a lot of resistance to it.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Vielen Dank. Untertitelung. BR 2018
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Viel glücklicherweise waren dies auch die Jahre, in denen Muhammad Ali seinen Namen und seinen Sport verändert hat, als Weltmeister von mehr als nur Boxing. James Brown fußte seinen Weg über die musikalische Bühne Amerikas, während Bob Dylan Folkmusik Electric nahm und die Beatles die britische Invasion der USA mit Rock'n'Roll begannen.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
In einer Ära, in der das Land zu dem Pinnacle von Macht und Einfluss erreicht hatte, ähkelten viele seiner Bürger für eine freier und mehr offene Gesellschaft, die die sozialen Mord von früheren Generationen ermutigte. It was during LBJ's time in the White House that change was gonna come, as Sam Cooke once sang out before he too met his tragic demise in those same years.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
This was the LBJ era of America. His would be a presidency that embodied the unexpected trajectory of it all, the successes and the failures, which we'll discuss with Mark Lawrence, Professor of History at the University of Texas. Hook'em Horns! From 2020 to 2024, Mark served as the director of the LBJ Presidential Library and Museum.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
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American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
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American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He has authored several books on Vietnam, most recently The End of Ambition, The United States and the Third World in the Vietnam War. And he was a former guest on previous episodes, back when we talked about LBJ. Hello, Mark. Welcome back to American History Hit. We're so grateful you've returned. Danke, dass du mitgekommen bist, Don. Es ist toll, mit dir zu sein.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Nun, alle Biographien, presidential und anders, beginnen mit einer Ursprungsgeschichte, natürlich. In Lyndon Johnsons Fall ist das besonders wichtig. Wo er herkommt, hat alles zu tun mit dem, wo er endet. Sprich mir über seine Erkennung in der Hilderlande Texas. Welche Welt hat er dort beobachtet?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
As a student, LBJ took a job in a Mexican-American school. This was very formative for him. He saw a lot of discrimination and poverty where he was. That's right.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He was born in 1908, which by the time the Depression comes around, he's in his 20s by that time. So he really comes of age in the New Deal era of America. He's elected to the House in 1937, where he serves Texas' 10th District until 1949. Boy, that's a lot of elections right there, isn't it?
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He is a larger than life figure, even before he becomes the Washington figure that he is. And he plays on that. I mean, he is a Texan through and through.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Ja, ich meine, wir werden darüber sprechen in ein paar Minuten, aber es ist wirklich das Thema seines Karriers, für sicher. Seine Möglichkeit, eine Agenda zu steigern, um es leichter zu sagen. He first runs for Senate, as you say, in 1941, loses, which stings badly. But when the other seat opens in 1948, he runs again. A little thing called World War II in between.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Johnson was in the Naval Reserve, spent most of the war around the Pacific. Boy, it's just amazing when you start looking at his resume. How equipped he was for federal office of whatever level. I mean, in the war, his main job was to inspect these facilities and run around and see how all this was running.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
He's finally awarded medals for his service and then wins the Senate seat and serves from 49 to 61. This is his game, the Senate. This is the old boys network where he can work and he is very comfortable there.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
I want to go back to the fact that he was born in 1908. So he would have seen as a teenager the roaring 20s. He would have seen radio. He would have seen the cars. He would have seen the whole promise of America being realized under the Coolidge administration. That whole time period. Even to becoming an adult.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
And then the whole thing crashes around him along with the rest of the nation in the Great Depression. That would have been his sort of formative years. It's amazing. I never really considered that. In the Senate... He kind of patents his famous Johnson treatment. Explain that demeanor and that technique of his.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
No modern American president has ever looked so visibly, iconically burdened. None embodied the weight of the presidency, the heaviness of the crown, as it were, so completely. You could see it etched in the deep crevices of his face. Lyndon Baines Johnson had been a master of congressional politics. He knew every lever of power, pulled every string.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
There must be many instances where they've really investigated this and nailed it down, but I've never heard it. It's always discussed in kind of general terms. And we've all known persuasive people and door-to-door salesmen, for that matter, who can really sell you on something that you didn't know. I guess that's what you chalk it up to.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
But it seems really distinctive in his case and has a lot in the end, which is why we're covering it, so much to do with pushing some major packages of legislation through Congress, which only he could do, it seems. Yeah, it's true.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Another important theme, as opposed to these days for sure, is his bipartisanship. He is able to work both sides of the aisle without any problem. In so many ways, Johnson is what is apparently lacking today. I mean, that kind of guy who sees no real strong divide between these two sides, but rather a middle that he's drawing people towards. Yeah.
American History Hit
President Lyndon B. Johnson: Triumph to Tragedy
Als er zur Präsidentschaft stürzte, gewann er die Wahl in der größten Landstrecke amerikanischer Geschichte. Aber im Laufe seines Administrations, sicherlich in seinen letzten Monaten, wurde er ein Mann, der sich von der Strain verändert hat. Entschuldigt, isoliert. Die Drucken von Vietnam, der zivilen Unruhe und der politischen Schmerz hatten ihre Bedeutung genommen. Die Allies fliegen weg.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Then the obverse, the weird side, the Great Seal. That unfinished pyramid on a barren landscape. It's 13 steps, rising to nowhere, topped by the ever-watching Eye of Providence. The design is unsettling as it is comforting and secure. As if it's whispering some truth. Right below it reads, Novus Ordo Seclorum. New Order of the Ages. Yikes. It's eerie. It's cryptic.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Wir schauen uns die Erleuchtung aus der Sicht der Geschichte an. Zu dem Zeitpunkt, wie viel sprachen sie über diese Ideen, die in der täglichen Leben passieren? Ich meine, etwas, was sie versucht haben zu üben, als sie gebeten haben.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Which is what basically the Freemasons were doing for a long time at that point. I'm using the metaphor of a builder, the compass, you know, all the techniques of architecture to rebuild a man from the inside out and create a better and stronger individual. How much did he use the ideas of Freemasonry in creating this group?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Yeah. So let's underscore what we're talking about here. Just take a moment. The Illuminati is a name that refers not to some strange mystic glow or even weird lighting device from under the table. It refers to the Enlightenment. That is a direct case here, which for my money is that which made modern society. Certainly this American one that I live in, it makes it work.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
separatieren uns von den Bindungen von dem alten Feudalismus und der Staatsreligion. Also jedes Mal, wenn wir das Wort Illuminati sagen, sollte man nicht den Wuh-Wuh-Sound-Effekt in der Hände hören. Es hat nichts damit zu tun. Es hat mit der Erleuchtung zu tun.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Aber das belästigt den Fakt, dass die Illuminati von innen gerottet haben, haben sie nicht? Es gab so viel Kampf während dieser Periode des Ausbruchs.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Und hallo, es ist American History Hit, ich bin Don Wildman und wir haben heute ein faszinierendes Thema zu diskutieren. Well, unknown forces. Sound familiar? So, where did this start? I mean, really? Where did this notion of a star chamber of shadowy figures, a cabal of conspirators weaving their nefarious webs of intrigue at our expense, to benefit only themselves, where did this come from?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
We've learned the term from all those police procedurals. They rolled up on these guys. They've, you know... Everybody turns on each other and houses are ransacked and documents are seized. And it all gets very condemned by the state. And then gets painted with a brush, as you say, down the road.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
So over the course of about 10 to 20, 30 years, really, you end up with this very hopeful idea run by a guy who becomes a dictator. I mean, it really sounds like the story of any, I mean, cult, frankly, but any group like this that has sort of this internal agenda trying to inflict itself upon the world has problems within itself and then ends up breaking down with the pressures that come upon it.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Ich möchte darüber nachdenken, was du vorhin schon erwähnt hast, über die Art und Weise, wie dieser Gruppe für die französische Revolution verurteilt wurde, die so viel von dem Kreuzungspunkt ist, mit dem wir noch mit dieser Idee leben. Beginnt es mit diesen Büchern, die aus Großbritannien herauskommen?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Because it seems so unlikely that the great state of France, with this tremendous aristocracy, with all the history that was behind this, would suddenly collapse. How could that possibly happen? There are lots of reasons why that happened. And there's lots of history behind that that's provable.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
This is so much the case of conspiracy theories that they become a comfortable place for people to go to, to undo what seems like such a tangled mystery. This happens over and over and over again. It's just very interesting to find out that the Illuminati were blamed for the French Revolution. I don't think a lot of people walking around today understand that that's really where it begins.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
So the idea was, if I'm getting this, that this German phenomenon, the Illuminati, had somehow infiltrated the French society, tipped the revolution, which of course at first we were in favor of, but went too far because of all their nefarious doings. They want to take things over. That same problem could happen to the American revolution, to our ideals.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
dass, wenn wir diese Leute hier infiltrieren, das passieren wird. Und sie sehen das so offensichtlich, weil die Franzosen so eine große Rolle in unserer Revolution hatten, oder?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
So this is an area where history is indispensable, because there is a factual story behind this fiction, specifically to do with a group more often than not cited as the force behind the mayhem, the method behind the madness, the ones called the Illuminati. Who were they? Where did they come from? What was their grand plan?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
But he could have been painted with that brush, right? By his adversaries.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Boy, you can see how useful this is to, you know, not just to the 1700s, but all the way through to all the world events that happen or the domestic events that happen here in the States that seem to shake the very foundation of where we live. How does this happen? You know, you look back on it. How did we get here? Well, it must be this group that's in charge. Untertitelung. BR 2018
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
And is there any chance that somehow, somewhere, they're still meeting in secret and still playing as pawns in their grand chess game?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Let us find out today, and quick before they shut us off, with author Michael Taylor, whose new work is entitled Impossible Monsters, Dinosaurs, Darwin and the War between Science and Religion, who is at present working on a full-length history of the Illuminati and none too soon. Welcome, Michael Taylor, to American History Hit. Nice to meet you.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Okay, let's start by contrasting the rumor and reality. There's a long list of modern day events that lots of people automatically assume have to do with this select group of manipulators. Top of mind, the Kennedy assassination, moon landing, Vietnam war, 9-11, 2008 housing crisis. Now even the fires of Los Angeles as they seek to create smart cities, whatever they are.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Was ist die Idee, wie dieser Gruppe seine verdammten Taten macht, die grundlegendste Version?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
What time frame are we talking about the beginnings of this, when this man did what he did in Germany?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Warum hier? Ich meine, warum in Bavaria und warum an dieser Universität? Und wer war dieser Mann, Adam Weishaupt, der diese Meinung hatte?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Viele von diesen Geschichten handelt es sich um die Rückführung gegen die katholische Kirche. An diesem Punkt nennen sie sich nicht die Illuminati, oder?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
At the core of this effort is a really important and charming aspect of life in these days. You have the emergence of individuals, this idea of this individual spirit. And people like Ben Franklin are writing things like the Poor Richard's Almanac. This perfectibility of the individual is a big theme in society in these days. And it makes sense.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
I mean, as human civilization is becoming more mercantile and people are learning they can make money and there's more of sort of things are breaking up into... Little guilds and so forth, a little earlier on. This whole idea of perfecting the human, your own self, which is very much what we do today still.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Wer sind die Mitglieder dieses Kabals? Ist es fair, sie als Kabal zu nennen? Wie haben sie sich selbst vertreten?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
I don't understand why. What was so dangerous about this to them?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
And yet, holding a dollar bill, there's still something about it. The texture, one quarter linen, three quarters cotton, soft and crisp at the same time. Well, till you put it through the laundry. A familiar sepia green, Washington's unwavering gaze, the serial numbers stamped in order. Dann ein Federal Reserve Not, die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Basically unchanged since 1963.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
Beobachteten sie es als ein furchtbares Gesetz? Ich meine, waren sie so viel, dass es klingt, als würde man sich auf die Individuen und das Bessere der Menschheit konzentrieren. Wie fühlen sie sich über ihre Position im Staat?
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
It is very similar to what you learned, one learns about the guilds and how they were training their members in secret because the church did not like that, you know, and especially the low countries and all these scary places up there. And also against the state.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
I mean, this time frame is really about this emergence, as I'm saying, and this is an important theme to hang our hat on, that this is a time, the enlightenment is about the individual emerging from what has always been a group mentality. And there's education, there's, as I say, people are making money.
American History Hit
The Illuminati in the US
This is what is naturally happening in society, that we are part of, and we are part of that continuum today. They're joining in on this and sort of ramping things up. Is that a fair way of looking at it?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Es ist um 1836, und er ist um 18 Jahre alt, dass wir über Erstehung sprechen. Ich meine, das ist seine große, das ist sein Grund. Ich bin interessiert, ob er jemals über Harriet Tubman rannte. Ich meine, das ist die gleiche Region, in der sie arbeitet, oder?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
as he addresses a theme dear to all Americans, the meaning of the 4th of July. I am glad, fellow citizens, that your nation is so young, he says to his audience. 76 years, though a good old age for a man, is a mere speck in the life of a nation. Douglas proceeds to draw this parallel analogy between the life of a man and the life of a country.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Extraordinary. Those two are just tips of the iceberg of these lives that were lived so boldly. To operate outside the lines of enslavement is amazing, considering how defeating that is every moment of your life.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
To then have the vision of a Frederick Douglass or a Harriet Tubman, it just boggles the mind how a human being could maintain any kind of hope and sustain that kind of dream, much less accomplish it.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
How does he escape? What is the actual means with which he gets to the north?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Anna Murray, die du sprichst, ist in Baltimore und sie ist eigentlich eine freigeborene Frau. Das ist richtig. Sie ist eine freigeborene Frau. Sie ist nicht verheiratet. Sie ist also in der Lage, das zu funktionieren und sie kann ihm Papier holen. Das ist richtig. Und auch ein Seilers-Outfit, glaube ich. Das ist richtig. Und er steuert eigentlich auf einem Boot.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Drei Jahre und zehn Jahre sind die gewählte Zeit für einzelne Männer. Aber die Nationen zählen ihre Jahre in Tausenden. Laut diesem Faktum sind Sie sogar jetzt nur am Anfang Ihrer nationalen Karriere, immer noch im Zeitraum der Kindheit. I repeat, I am glad this is so. Why is he glad?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
And they will stay married for 44 years, which is amazing.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
We need to skip through a few things and touch down briefly here. His travels, his escape plan, takes him through Philadelphia onto New York, which was actually not a very safe place. There was a lot of the same thing was going on on the borders as in New York, because of course it's a hub. Und so musste er aus dieser Stadt raus.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Aber das ist, wo er zuerst seinen Namen von Bailey zu Johnson verändert hat, was auch eine temporäre Veränderung war. Aber er ist im Grunde auf dem Weg nach New Bedford in Massachusetts, was in diesen Tagen bereits als ein abolitionistisches Zentrum bekannt gewesen wäre, oder?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Right. New Bedford is on Cape Cod, famous for the Moby Dick story. It was a whaling capital, but a large seaport. And you're mentioning this because he had actually been trained as a ship's caulker. And he could get down there, which is a very important craft, which will enable him to get work in that town. Why did he eventually change it to Douglas?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
This man, who spent the earlier years of his life enslaved in the South, who has had to fight prejudice and hatred all his 30-some years to cast off those shackles. Because somehow, in such a young nation, and in the mind of this optimistic man, there is still hope.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Er ist 20 Jahre alt. Und New Bedford ist wirklich sein Launchpad. Und das ist vis-à-vis von einem Mann namens William Lloyd Garrison. Und der Arbeit, die in den Abolitionisten-Zirkeln gemacht wird. Es ist, wo er, das ist, wo er an einer Konvention in Nantucket endet. Was war, du weißt, das Athenäum da ist sehr berühmt, sogar in diesen Tagen. Um die Zeit von 23, eigentlich um 1841.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Er landet in Nantucket und macht eine Rede an der Antislaverie-Sozietät. Which becomes the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. And is that where Garrison hears him speak? I've always been confused about that.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Das ist der Pivotpunkt. Und wir haben alle gesehen, dass das in verschiedenen Städten passiert. Wir sehen tolle Akteure, jeder Art von Performer hat es einfach. Das ist Star-Qualität. Und das ist, was du kennst, was Frederick Douglass besitzt. Er ist ein selbsteducierter Mann. Er hat sicherlich nicht viel oratet.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Aber da hat er eine Chance, in dieser bestimmten Situation, wo Oration die Schlüssel ist. Und er hat diese Star-Qualität. And so if you're looking for these pivot points, you mentioned one before, the fight that he has where he stands up for, you know, against his enslaver. And then here in this anti-slavery society meeting, he suddenly is noticed.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
And this is going to be the skill set that really carries him forth. Not only his ability to speak, but also his ability to write. All of these things that he's trained himself to be, which is what, you know, brings tears to the eyes to imagine how brave and bold this man was to grab on. And we are decades from the Civil War. Yes.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
There's no reason that anyone would think anything is going to change in America in any radical way. And yet he's finding his way through this.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
I'm glad we're talking ahead because, believe it or not, for the listeners, he's only 27 at the point where we've left off. A 27-year-old gorgeous person. I mean, that's the other thing we're not mentioning. This man walks in a room, everybody notices him. That's right, yeah. He's an extraordinarily handsome man and tall and strong and all the rest of it.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Ja, und er bringt eine positive Energie in den Raum. Er ist, er ist, all diese, diese Sternqualität, im Grunde 1845, ich habe 27 Jahre alt erwähnt, er fährt nach den USA. Wieder einmal, außergewöhnlich. Dieser ehemalige geschlossene Mann fährt jetzt weiter. Er ist immer noch offiziell geschlossener. Er ist immer noch ein Fugitiv. Sie haben noch nicht das Gesetz verabschiedet, aber es kommt.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Hey, it's American History Hit. I'm Don Wildman. Greetings and thanks for listening. In February 1818, on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, a boy named Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born enslaved. Such was the system across the American South in those days. If you were born to a mother enslaved, then most likely you were and for all your living days to come enslaved as well.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
And he's sent off by the crowd that he's in, wants to send him away. I suppose he's under pressure to do so because he could get caught, right?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Das Wort ist Manumission, also wenn jemand das Geld zahlt, um seine Freiheit zu verkaufen. Das ist durch diesen Kreis von Freunden in England gemacht worden. Sie haben 711,66 Dollar gezahlt, was in diesen Tagen viel mehr war. Und seit 1845, ein weiterer Pivot-Moment, ist er ein freier Mann. Nicht nur ein freier Mann, sondern auch einer, der einen bestsellernden Autor ist. Das ist unglaublich.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
He's turning into a tremendous leader, is what's really happened. And he's being supported by a tremendous network of folks. Because he's the real deal. He is speaking from experience, not just the intellectual, spiritual quality that the Northerners, Abolitionists, have been doing for so long at this point. 1848, he's back in the United States.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Now he's a free man, by the way, so he can move freely around this country. How would that have been proven? Would you have literally carried papers
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Zwölf Jahre Slaves. Samuel Northup's Account of his own enslavement, illegal enslavement, is a good comparison.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
So waren die unvergesslichen Regeln der Schlafslaverie in Amerika, die sich über den Laufe ihres Kindesleben als Wettbewerb zwischen den Norden und den Süden der Staaten ledigte. But somehow, against all odds, this boy's life and destiny would prove to be astonishingly different. His name would be changed as well, to Frederick Douglass.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
That Dred Scott decision and the Fugitive Slave Act disavowed his ability to be an American citizen, right?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
It didn't necessarily mean that he could have been taken back to the South, right?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Can you imagine what that news meant to this guy? I mean, come on.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
The flame that lit the tinder, it really truly was. I'll be back with more American History after this short break.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
And in this episode today, we'll discuss the remarkable biography of this legendary figure, who broke free from his bondage to become one of the most admired and accomplished Americans of his day and ours.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Untertitelung. BR 2018 Das war's für heute.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
having dedicated his work as a skilled writer, celebrated orator, journalist and publisher to the abolition of slavery, to racial and gender equality, to the courageous advocacy of social justice ideals. And to understand how he did this, we are joined now by author Sidney Morrison, whose 2024 work Frederick Douglass, a novel, imagines the personal side of this man's very public life.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Sydney has worked as a history teacher and high school principal in the Los Angeles area, and it's very nice to have you on the show. Hello, Sydney Morrison.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
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American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
His is a very long life, Frederick Douglass. I'm curious how and why you chose to explore it in a narrative form, as a novel.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Ja, wartet nur, bis ihr seht, wo er endet, Leute.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Genau. Er endet... Spoiler Alert, on 15 acres with a beautiful house.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Sidney Morrison is the good man we've been speaking with. His 2024 work is called Frederick Douglass and Novel. It's a historical novel that takes a look at the personal side of this incredible public man. Thank you, Sidney. We'll talk to you again soon.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Vielen Dank für das Zuhören von American History Hit. Don't miss an episode. By hitting like and follow, you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on. And while you're at it, share it with a friend. American History Hit with me, Don Wildman. So grateful for your support.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
So, let's sketch out that biography. It all begins, as I say, before in Maryland, 1818, where he was born to his mother, Harriet Bailey. The father, however, was a mystery to him all his life. Take us through those early years, which were spent, many of them, mostly apart from his mother, who passed away when he was seven.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
I just want to underscore a few of the things you've mentioned already. Father a mystery, even in his own autobiographies. But you're mentioning Aaron Anthony, who was the clerk and overseer of a whole bunch of... He had large responsibilities as a slaveholder in those days. This was something that was repeated all over the South, of course.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Owners or masters, if you will, of enslaved people raping, essentially, the women that were their possessions. Das ist sehr wahrscheinlich die Situation in Frederick Douglass' Fall. Es ist sehr indelikat. Es ist ein schwieriges Thema zu sprechen, aber das war die Wahrheit. Einer der versteckten Kriminellen der Slaverie war wirklich dieser Aspekt davon.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Und dann redest du darüber, wie viel Bewegung dieser junge Junge durch seine frühen Jahre von einem Ort zum anderen gemacht hat. Und das ist schwierig zu behalten. But that was the other aspect of enslavement in those days. You were a product. You were a service that was leased out or purchased or any number of ways that you would have found yourself away. Family connection didn't matter.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
They broke up families. They utilized young boys especially as a very important product. Oh, you know, I could get a lot of money for that. That informed his entire childhood until he finally, as you say, ends up in Baltimore in a whole different kind of experience, which is this urban enslavement.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
5. Juli, 1852. In der Corinthian Hall in Rochester, New York, sitzen die Mitglieder der Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Society, die sich auf die Rednerin vor ihnen konzentrieren. Die Halle, ihre hohen Fenster auf beiden Seiten und ein hohes paneliertes Gepäck, das die Wärme und die Atmosphäre befindet, fühlt sich nahe an, stifelnd.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
His great achievements are many, but one of them is to be such a writer and publisher. And it is in Baltimore at the age of eight that he's at first taught to read, or at least given the rudimentary instruction on how to read by Sophia Auld, the wife of the man who has taken possession of him. This begins this career of his, this literate career.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
How difficult was it for a boy like him to learn to read and write? That was not done, was it?
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
By the time he's 16, he's been in Baltimore for about eight years at that point, right? He's sent back, as happens, rented out to a farmer named Edward Covey. And this man was, you know, right out of the book, the textbook slave breaker type. And there, Douglas is, not yet Douglas, Bailey, is beaten several times and actually fights back. This is a curious incident to me.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
It's mentioned every time, I suppose, it's part of his autobiography. He actually strikes back at the man and beats him at the fight. This changes their relationship forever. I always wondered how would he have managed to do that and not get into a lot of trouble.
American History Hit
Frederick Douglass: Enslavement & Escape
Die Gäste schütteln sich in ihre Säge, die Schuhe schütteln sich gegen einander. Unter fast jeder anderen Bedingung wäre diese Assemblage sauber, unabhängig, für einen Atem von frischem Wasser. Aber heute sind sie auf dem Podium vor ihnen, wo Frederick Douglass steht, der bekannte afroamerikanische Schriftsteller und Orator, der den Raum mit seiner unglaublichen Präsenz regiert.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
This is the tactical advantage of a Grant, isn't it? He is able to keep his head cool under these circumstances, sort of check himself as to what, you know, another commander might react in retreat or something like that. He can see down the road. He can see the next day. Don't worry, we're going to take it back.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
That being said, that was a big surprise that the Confederates didn't continue on, didn't push forward, isn't it?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, this is the quartermaster Grant beginning to become the attacking general.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
He understands supply lines and all the logistics of war like no other American Union general did.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
13.000. This always amazes me with the Civil War. Like these are massive amounts of people. And what do you do with 13.000 people who give up? You know, you got to march them somewhere. This is an untold part of the Civil War that I would love to do an episode on. What do you do with the prisoners of war?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Willkommen zu einem weiteren Episode von American History Hit. Wir sind froh, dich zu hören. Ich bin Don Wildman. We are in a new year, resuming a mission begun in our last. An epic chronological odyssey through the major engagements of the American Civil War. Why did it happen? Who was there? What occurred? Who won? Who lost? And what did they gain or lose in the effort?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
White flags go up. The Union troops are surprised to see them. Glad, I'm sure. But they're being flown by Buckner's people, you know, his troops, which opens up a very interesting encounter, very telling in the war between two men who know each other, Buckner and Grant from previous days. Talk about that encounter.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
They had served together in the Mexican War, hadn't they?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, Buckner is the first Confederate general to surrender during the Civil War. I mean, these are early days. But interestingly, the last to give up command at the end of it. He serves all the way through.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Wow, interesting. Amazing. The final, you know, I was going to say nail in the coffin, which is appropriate in this case. One of Grant's requests was that there be a symbolic gesture through his funeral, that the pallbearers carrying his casket be both Confederate and Union. And Buckner was one of them.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
In today's telling, we're still in early days, in the winter of 1862, when we find ourselves in northwestern Tennessee, between the mighty Tennessee River and its parallel waterway to the east, the Cumberland. It's a place called Fort Donaldson that would tip the balance in the West for the Union. A battle that would bring a little-known Brigadier General named U.S. Grant into the limelight.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
The impact of this battle is more important than perhaps the battle itself. I mean, it really does create this new importance and urgency to the Western campaign, which I'm sure even then most Americans weren't really aware of. The American battle will now be a two-front one, you know, both in the East and the West, right?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
I always try to include the American Battlefields Trust in these episodes because the language on their website is so clear. You can see these pie graphs and so forth, and they very clearly explain that 40,702 troops were involved in this battle on both sides, an estimated 16,537 casualties, but only 2,691 on the Union.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Whereas 13,846 on the Confederate, including all those prisoners of war, I suppose, right? Correct. The Union has won this battle outright. And as we said earlier, it's the beginning of the story of unconditional surrender grant, which is no coincidence, US being his first two initials. Buckner has an interesting quote at the end of all of this, which he has written about.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, right. It points up an interesting unfolding drama, which is between Grant and his supervising officer, who was Henry Halleck. There was a lot of resistance there between them, wasn't there?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
And to explain the tactical strategies of this battle and critical consequences for both sides, I am speaking with Professor Chris Makowski. Chris is the Copey Hill Fellow at the American Battlefield Trust, our good friends. Hello Chris, welcome to the show. Don, I'm delighted to be here. Thanks for having me. I found myself staring at a map with this one, studying the geography.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
And finally down on the Mississippi River in Vicksburg. Grant was a Brigadier General at the time of this battle. He is then promoted to Major General and he will continue, of course, to be promoted from there. This is really where you begin to understand Grant as the source of a sort of modern thinking in the American military, a different kind of fighting battles.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
It was no longer going to be this chivalrous European idea that so many of the certainly Union McClellan type officers were stuck in. This was not a polite war and Grant was getting on with it.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Dr. Chris Mikowski is a writing professor at the Jandoli School of Communication at St. Bonaventure University in Allegheny, New York. Also Associate Dean for the Undergraduate Programs. He is also the Kopi Hill Fellow at the American Battlefield Trust. Nice to meet with you, Chris. I hope we meet again. There are many battles unfolding. Don, it is a pleasure.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Thanks so much for chatting with me this morning. Likewise. Hey, thanks for listening to American History Hit. You know, every week we release new episodes, two new episodes dropping Mondays and Thursdays. All kinds of content from mysterious missing colonies to powerful political movements to some of the biggest battles across the centuries. Don't miss an episode.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
By hitting like and follow you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on. And while you're at it, share it with a friend. American History Hit with me, Don Wildman. So grateful for your support.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
We should explain what's at stake here, Chris. Kentucky, which has remained with the Union, has two major rivers that connect with the Ohio. Head due south on these rivers, you end up going into Confederate Tennessee. Control them, the Tennessee and the Cumberland, you got a straight shot into other states to the south, like Mississippi and Alabama.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
But it's ultimately Nashville that's in the crosshairs of the Union, isn't it?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Wenn wir an den Zivilkrieg denken, denken wir natürlich an diese großen Armeen. Ich meine, das war das große Thema, diese riesigen Armeen, die in unserem Land herumlaufen. Aber der Fakt ist, dass es in diesen Tagen eigentlich eine verbesserte Anwendung von Wasserwegen und especially von den Bergen gab. Es gab eine Navy, die die Union, die die Konfederaniemen, nicht anmachten konnten.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, right. So let's remind ourselves where we're at right now. Early days in the war, as I say, the last major clash between the Union and the Confederacy was Bull Run back in July, which was a huge wake-up call for the Union, a major loss. That this was going to require a real army and a larger strategy that includes a Western campaign, and that would eventually be led by Grant.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
February 6th, 1862, the Union takes Fort Henry on the Tennessee River fairly easily. Take us from that moment onward.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
But that's the geography question I have. Even though it's just 12 miles, that's a long way. And so do they have to take the boats back up to the top and then come down the other river? Is that the idea?
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
It has to do with the elevation, doesn't it? Fort Henry was very low and so those gunboats could sort of take direct aim at the installation. But over here at Fort Donaldson is a much higher elevation, so they're shooting down at those gunboats and vice versa. The gunboats have difficulty as they get closer to even getting up to them. So that's really the difference between that.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Grant was expecting a pretty easy walk here, wasn't he? He said this would be taken in two days.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, this is cold weather too. Remember, we're in February, even though it's Tennessee. I mean, Tennessee is cold in February, so this is really hard to manage, but it gets really dicey with the weather. It makes all those roads knee deep in mud, you know, all that kind of stuff that we deal with. was sich während der Kriege wirklich hier ausmacht.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
He's appointed the commander of Fort Donaldson. He does not believe any kind of retreat is necessary. He digs in here.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Es ist Februar 1862. In Fort Donaldson im westlichen Tennessee hüpfen Tausende von Konfederat-Soldaten herunter, um die Sicherheit zu schützen, hungrig und schüchtern in ihren dünnen Schuhen. Für mehrere schreckliche Tage haben sie die Union-Mitglieder beobachtet und ihre Fortifikationen umgekehrt. Mittlerweile ist der Kumberland-River, deren letzte Chance zu fliehen, mit Eis aufgelöst.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
I just want to give people the parameters here. We're talking about a big engagement. I mean, in total, there's 40,000 or so forces between these two sides. 25, upwards of 25,000 for the Union, 17,000 for the Confederates. This is a major battle we're talking about. Action really happens between February 13th and the 16th of 1862. Of course, there's days on either side of that that go on.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
But it begins, as we say, with an engagement of the gunboats coming up river approaching. That first clash sort of kicks things off. Take us through these days as they happen with Grant's thinking tactically as to how he's going to adjust.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Yeah, because later on, I mean much later on next year, we're talking about Vicksburg and that becomes an extended siege, you know, very famously. It's just a cruel bombardment of this place that Grant oversees.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
So that could very well have happened here in some form, but rather it takes a different turn because, as you say, the Confederates on February 15th drive the Union back from their positions, a place called Dudley Hill.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
Sobald die Sonne den Horizont brechen, sind Union-Gunboote auf dem Meer auf dem Fort geöffnet. Sie schlagen es durch die morgendliche Mist. Aber Union-Infanterie bleibt fest, ermöglicht die Artillerie, die Gegner zu beschädigen.
American History Hit
Battle of Fort Donelson
But oddly, their commanders, and tell me who makes this decision, send them back to their earthenworks after this day of battle, giving up the ground or at least ceding it back to the Union should they decide to take it.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
In 68, how much is he dividing himself from the so famous trauma of everything that's happened five years ago versus what's ahead for them? I mean, how much of it is he serving the legacy of his brother at this point?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Ich spreche natürlich von Robert F. Kennedy, der, wie sein berühmtes Bruder, von einem Assassinsbullet gestorben ist. Kennedy's short campaign for the presidency happened in a crucible. It was 1968. There was the ongoing civil rights struggle as black, brown and indigenous Americans stood their ground against discrimination and poverty.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
The race we're about to talk about, I mean, sadly ends after just a few months, but so I want to just put a pin in what we were talking about there for a moment. He was the Attorney General under his brother's administration. That's an extraordinarily powerful position, of course, as we know, but also he has a deep knowledge of the levers of power, the legal levers of power in this country.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
It's an extraordinary opportunity he has because he understands so much more than perhaps your average presidential candidate. He really knows how the levers work. So 1968, the campaign officially begins in Indiana. Who is he running against in these Democratic primaries?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Das ist eine der größten Dinge, die während der Verurteilung von Martin Luther King passieren. Und das ist April 4th, 1968. RFK erhält eine sehr berühmte Rede und Antwort. Wo tut er das? Und was sagt er in dieser Rede?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Massive riots occurred across the nation, in Watts 1965 after Malcolm X was murdered, in Detroit, Newark, Buffalo 1967, and in 68 of course after Dr. King met his sudden end on a Memphis balcony.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He has such an empathetic tone to his voice. It's such a warm tone. And it does immediately smack of a sense of love, honestly, is what you feel from him and from the audience, which at that moment is extraordinary to feel. And maybe I'm projecting, but it seems palpable.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Es ist eine traurige, traurige Währung, traurige Kapital, aber das ist, was er hat, wenn die Leute wissen, was er durchgegangen hat und das ganze Land mit ihm durchgegangen ist.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Die Ironie, natürlich, ist, dass Robert Kennedy als Attorney General Teil des Wiretapping Kings war. Ich meine, die zwei Männer waren Allies, aber nie Freunde.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
These horrific events of civil unrest in those years seemed to finally culminate in a fateful evening at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, where Robert Kennedy and his supporters celebrated victory in the California primary.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Was RFK aligned with LBJ, all the Great Society programs? Did he agree with how those were being deployed?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Most predicted he would secure the Democratic nomination later that summer and face off against his brother's arch rival, Richard Nixon, a race seen by many as redemption for his family. in some ways for his brother's killing.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Isn't it extraordinary to reflect on how different people thought then of what the government could do in an activist mode? People today, certainly young people, just have no idea how it felt in the 60s about the government fixing things. There was great enthusiasm. There was a belief that things would happen.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
And whether you agree with those programs or not, the world is an entirely different place today than it was then. I mean, you have to imagine incredibly difficult slums and Really horrible conditions in the cities that were being reacted to by the government. And we, at least my parents, I know, put their faith in the fact that the government could do something about that.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
The next three primaries after Indiana are Washington, RFK wins with 62% of the vote there. Nebraska, he wins again, 51%, closer contest. And Oregon, McCarthy won that one with 43%. It's important to note that Eugene McCarthy was really, he staked out the ground of anti-Vietnam for years before that.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He really, you know, he had a huge support among college students, who can't vote, by the way, the 21 and... It's not 18 until 1971. But then comes California. Let's talk about this race in California, a much more conservative state than it is today. It wasn't the pure blue that we know it today. What's at stake out there for him?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
But over the months, Kennedy's candidacy evolved into something greater, something more, an evolution, politically, yes, but also an evolution of a man, into an important cultural icon, one endeavoring to heal a fractured nation. Alas, it was not to be.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Yeah, Watts happened the year R.K. was elected as Senator. What has been his reaction to the rioting in the cities over these years?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Es war sincer. Das war das Gefühl, das die Menschen hatten. Es war mehr als nur ein Wanderer für das Votieren. Es war ein genügendes Verständnis und Sincerität darüber, dass wir es verstehen. Das muss ändern. Und ich habe einige Ideen, um es zu ändern.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
We discussed this campaign and what led up to it with Professor Patricia Sullivan, an historian of the Civil Rights Movement and author of Justice Rising, Robert Kennedy's America in Black and White. Welcome, Patricia. Nice to meet you. Great to meet you, Don. Please call me Pat. Okay, thank you. What was RFK campaigning for in 1968 during these primaries?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
There's a photo that my producer has sent me of RFK campaigning in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. You can see in just his posture, he is utterly approachable, he's right there on a flatbed as we say, a humility, which is, and that's a Kennedy we're talking about. I mean, Maybe it's the younger brother thing, but it's not how people saw him in the JFK administration, by the way.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He was a real pitbull. I mean, he was he was understood to be a real gnarly guy back then. I always think of like how Rahm Emanuel was depicted in the early days of the Obama administration. Real prickly, you know, that's how RFK was seen back in those days. But this is a different man who's running for president. And Hands outstretched and shaking and a smile on his face.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
There's a demeanor of empathy, as we've said. I guess that's the main theme of this conversation, isn't it?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Er gewinnt die Kalifornien-Primarie mit 46 Prozent des Votums am 4. Juni 1968. Und das ist, als die furchtbaren Dinge passiert sind. Bevor wir in die Events dieses Verbrechens reisen, lassen sich die Zuhörer nur daran erinnern, was wir gesagt haben. Erinnere dich an diesen Moment, den dieser Mann erreicht hat, wo er eine Art Hoffnung für eine Nation gibt, die gerissen ist.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Und die Menschen sehen in Kennedy eine echte Chance. Es gibt einen Weg aus vielen der Probleme, die wir haben. Keine zwei Trader sind gleich.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He doesn't enter the race until February, March, because everybody assumes Johnson will run for re-election, right?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
My thanks to all of you and now it's on to Chicago and let's win there. He's standing at the podium and he's giving this victory speech, at which point he thanks the supporters and heads back into the kitchen. And I'll throw it to you, Pat, to take it from there.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
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American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
RfK, was bedeutet das? Robert Francis Kennedy? Robert Francis Kennedy. Das ist richtig. Vergesst nicht, du hast JFK und RfK, ich meine, es gibt viele FKs. Ich sollte einen Moment nehmen, um zu sagen, dass wir über diese erstaunlichen Zeiten sprechen. Ich meine, ich war in diesen Tagen eine kleine Person, aber ich erinnere mich, wie beschlossig die Events waren.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
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American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Es waren sehr, sehr schwierige Zeiten. Und nicht nur, wie ich in der Eröffnung sagte, über den Zivilrechtsmovement, aber Vietnam is going on. There's all sorts of trouble happening all the time. And only five years before this, a president was assassinated, which is something we can't really conceive of these days. It hasn't happened for so long. But into this fray, really, is what RFK is about.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He's jumping into this as a healing force. That's kind of the purpose of his campaign, isn't it?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Hello all, just a note for me before we get into this. This episode contains outdated strong language, which has been used for historical context and accuracy. That night at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, standing in that crowd cheering, you were part of something big. A movement, a mission, a blooming spirit of hope, a presidential campaign that had stirred the soul of a nation.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Kennedy wartet auf LBJ. Ich schätze, es gab Backroom-Diskussionen. Ich meine, zumindest Indikationen, dass LBJ aussteigt. Oder war RFK so überrascht wie die anderen von uns?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Hatte er originally die Intention, Präsident zu werden oder nicht?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
People forget how radical his campaign was. I mean, they're sort of blinded by the Kennedy in this. It was for racial equality, economic justice and to bring an end to the Vietnam War. All these were extreme positions in this day.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Really important, to your point, to remember this time as differently than the ones we live in today. I mean, you had America at the peak of its superpower, basically, just beginning to get towards the 70s, when all that started to be called into question. But the economy was powerful, certainly in the first half of the 60s. There was a sense of great possibility.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
was mit Johnson and the Great Society geschah. All that is in the air these days. And like you said, there's as much positive as negative in terms of societal changes that are happening here. So he's really the man for the times. I mean, it's really remarkable. I remember that as just a kid. You know, his young face and all the sort of Kennedy legacy going on there.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
It was just an extraordinary moment. And Und so viel, wie wir in dieser Konversation diskutieren, passiert innerhalb seines Kandidats. Es ist wirklich interessant. Sie machen einen Robert Redford-Film basierend auf ihm. Der Kandidat. Es war so ein Zeitpunkt. So, let's talk about what he's fighting against, these embedded inequalities and racism.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He's basically speaking to white people about things needing to change, right?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Yeah, there are very famous moments in this evolution, primarily on race politics, really. I mean, his meeting with James Baldwin and other black cultural leaders, May 24th, this is back in the 63, before he's running. Yeah, there's a famous conversation with Jerome Smith, who's a young bus rider back in the Freedom Rides, this polemic against the government.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
I mean, that whole period, these Freedom Rides and all that sort of thing, is really an extraordinary event. Das ist eine sehr gute Idee in diesem Land, wo so viele Schüler, besonders und andere Menschen, nach Süden gehen, um mit der Registrierung von Votern zu arbeiten. Kennedy ist bewusst von all dem, aber er wird einen großen Schritt machen.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Ich meine, er wird Attitüden entwickeln während dieser Zeit, die wirklich um die Rasse in Amerika verändern.
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
He becomes Attorney General during Kennedy's presidency. How does that time shape him?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
On this show, of course, we always talk about the 1860s and 70s as the time of so many changes in the Constitution and so forth. But this is 100 years later. So this is the centennial. I don't remember it being articulated in that fashion, though. How much were the Kennedys aware of this time period as being so meaningful?
American History Hit
Bobby Kennedy: Assassination of a Future President
Hallo und grüßt euch, das ist American History Hit, ich bin Don Wildman, glücklich, dass ihr hört. Heute ist eine Geschichte von einer fast Präsidentschaft, einer Präsidentschaftskampagne, die in tragischen Verhältnissen endete, ähnlich in manchen Fällen zum Tod des eigenen Bruders des Kandidaten, in dem er seine ehemalige Administration vertraut hat.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Yeah, it seems so unbelievable to somebody much younger than us. But I do recall being taken to the re-release of Gone with the Wind in 1967 or 68. And my northern parents took me to this screening because we were going to see the great movie. And it is a perfect expression of how absolutely endemic this myth became.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
So let's talk about the monuments. This really is a phase of time that happens later on when suddenly we begin to see these big gigantic monuments going up, especially in Richmond, but pretty much everywhere across the South, put up by the Daughters of Confederacy. How did that happen and what were those decisions?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
In 1865, under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, forces of the United States of America won the Civil War. Richmond fell to Union forces on April 2nd. Robert E. Lee surrendered his army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox on April 9th.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
1914, der Errechnung eines Monuments, das die Konfederanität anbietet, wo? Am Arlington Cemetery, der auch, wie viele vergessen, Robert E. Lee's ehemalige Plantation ist.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
That's right. It's a hundred years later almost. Well, it is a hundred years later that this takedown period begins. Richtig.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
We just did a story about Harry Truman's desegregation of the military on our President series. And it made me wonder, the name Hubert Humphrey came up and all of those guys in the 40s who were facing down all these civil rights problems from the North. How much were they aware at the time of the lost cause being this myth? Or has that come out later on?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
In June, the final Confederate stronghold fell to Union troops, and in August 1866, 16 months after Lee's surrender, President Andrew Johnson declared a formal end to the conflict. Now, the saying goes that history is written by the victors. But in the case of the Civil War in the South, this isn't entirely true. For this episode in our Confederacy series, I am joined by Ty Siduley.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
But I mention it because of what you say, because of the willingness to face down the fact, the cynical fact that the Dixiecrats, the Southern Democrats... such a fundamental part of the Democratic Party, the power base of the party, that to challenge the lost cause myth challenged them.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
And sure enough, eventually, with other political moves of desegregation and so forth, Strom Thurmond and those Dissecrats walk on the Democratic Party. That shift, I always wondered how much was that motivated by the realization and the clarity of this whole thing, this whole mythology being part of American culture.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Ein großer Symbol all dessen, nicht nur der Monumente, sondern auch die Flagge, die Konfederatflagge, geht bis heute noch nie weg. Sie ist immer noch ein großer Teil und eine große Kontroverse in Amerika. Einer dieser Symbole, die uns so oft zu ihrer echten Bedeutung erneuert. Es ist einfach eine Sache, die man auf Rennwagen sieht und so weiter. Aber es geht über mehrere Iterationen.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Es gibt eine erste, zweite und dritte Iteration. Walk me through the creation of this flag and what it means to this lost cause.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
It has never been officially adopted by anybody.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
This has never been a government-sanctioned flag.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Together we will discuss the Lost Cause myth. What is it? How is it still significant today? And how Ty himself stopped believing in it. Hello Ty, how are you doing? Great, Don. Thanks for having me. It is a big subject, the Lost Cause myth. And I suggest many, many Americans do not have a clue how deeply affecting it is in our culture, even today. Are we in agreement on that? Violent agreement.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
The myth spreads a lot because of western expansion, doesn't it? I mean, many of those southerners, especially the young ones, headed out west. And this carries forth this storytelling into these new lands.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Und es macht auch Sinn, weil du, als du diese neuen Länder und diese neuen Regierungen kreierst, diese, weißt du, Städte setzst und all diese Art von Führung, kannst du diese Ideen sehr früh in den Prozess einbauen, anstatt sozusagen aufgestellte, weißt du, Systeme und Strukturen nach Osten zu nehmen. Also im Westen sind diese jungen, sortierenden Lande, wo junge Leute kommen können.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Ich meine, einige Millionen Menschen sind nach Süden und sind nach Westen gefahren. So you begin to create these towns and counties and states eventually that have these feelings and these myths baked into them.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
You wonder what he would have thought of that at the end of his life. Although Grant was all about reconciliation, I suppose. And that is the theme that's really important to discuss. I mean, that plays a big role in this, the general desire and genuine desire of Northerners to reconcile with the South and get on with this. There's a lot of room for forgiveness and a lot of sacrifice of the truth.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
How effective has the change been at West Point in terms of this? Let's look at that as a case study of what's really happening across the nation.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Wie interessant. Für mich, ich bin von einem gewissen Alter, ich erinnere mich an den fünften Grad. The seed was planted in the early 70s in my head about states' rights and the war between the states versus any other kind of view of this. Maybe it was where I was raised. I have no idea how it happened, but definitely got planted in me. And for years and years, I kind of went on the fence.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
You were vice chair of that government naming commission. I was. Within the Department of Defense.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
I don't know what kind of war this really was. Only later on has this become straightened out. We're really addressing that kind of in-betweenness about what the Civil War was by definition. Let's start with Robert E. Lee, because he's such an obvious figure to do that with. And really, a lot of Lost Cause myth hangs its hat on this figure, doesn't it?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
It has everything to do with Virginia, you know, seizing back the storyline because they were the ones with George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and they saw themselves as the founding state. Now they want this back again, having stepped way far afield from that role. He is an idealization of this southern gentleman, right?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
I mean, here's a general who is just every picture you ever see of a guy. Handsome, elegant. Well dressed. You know, everything about him was created as a sort of depiction of this idealized southern gentleman.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Monument Avenue, Richmond, Virginia, 2020. Eine acht Fuß bronze Statue von Jefferson Davis steht auf einem granaten Block. Seine rechte Hand ist ausgestreckt, als ob sie die gloriausen Kräfte seines Vergangenen beherrscht. Hinter ihm steigen 13 Kolumnen, ein Tribut zu den 11 Staaten, die von der Union ausgelaufen sind, und den zwei anderen, die die Kräfte an die Kraft gesendet haben.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
You were working at West Point for decades. Is this the common feeling about Lee there?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Okay, so the myth of the lost cause really begins very soon after the end of the Civil War, 1866. The name of a guy named Edward A. Pollard is important in this. Newspaper director from Richmond, Virginia. We can really stake ourselves to this guy as the beginning of a real force of propaganda. I mean, this was a created myth very deliberately, right?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
It doesn't sort of bubble up from a sentimentality or a nostalgia. All of these things become later the characterizations of this. This is a decision among leaders in the South to say, we need to take control of this storytelling. And that becomes a 20-year process that then becomes, you know, lives with us even today.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Ja, eine Redefinition davon, warum wir diesen Krieg kämpfen. So dass es den Fokus davon nimmt, was die Leute empfindlich finden oder haben empfindlich gefunden, und auf etwas geht, was viel palatierter ist. Die Phrase, der Krieg zwischen den Staaten, der Krieg der Norden-Aggression.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
All diese Dinge, die in unserer historischen Bewusstsein rütteln, kommen von dieser Redefinition, von diesem Versuch. Ty, lass uns über Edward Pollard sprechen, diesen Journalisten. Was hat er geschrieben und wie wurde er distribuiert?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Danach, weiter auf dem Monument, werden Stonewall Jackson und Robert E. Lee ihre bronzen Gäse über eine Stadt, die sich um sie herum verändert hat, ausgestattet. In einem Jahr werden all diese Konfederat-Statuen fallen. Graffitiert, zerstört, völlig zerstört. Belegiert an Museums oder andere unheimliche Fälle. Aber warum waren sie da in erster Linie?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
I do want to know though from this conversation and let's just get to it right away. What is the initial cause? I mean, is there a conference? Do they all sit around somewhere and bubble this up in the back room? How does this even get born?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Zwei sehr generelle Präzepte davon sind die Glorifizierung der Konfederaten, dass sie besser als sie turned out to be, mehr strategisch geführt waren. Es war nur, dass die Ressourcen und Supplies der norderländischen Staaten überwältigend waren, aber dass die Southerner tatsächlich besser gegen diese Krieg kämpften.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Die andere Seite ist natürlich die Redefinition der Slaverie, eine nostalgische Repräsentation dessen, worum es all das ging. Lass uns darüber sprechen. Wie haben sie diesen Mythos erschaffen?
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Was genau wollten diese Monumente zu memorialisieren? Why honor any figure who has plotted to overthrow a nation beloved by its people, and then waged a bloody war to do so? How were these men immortalized, while their unworthy cause crumbled to dust? Hello and welcome to American History. I'm Don Wildman.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Es ist essentiell, dass dieses paternalistische Aussehen von Slavery in dieses Ding gebacken wird. Es ist wirklich das, was die Table für all das, was Jim Crow und die Segregation auf der Straße wird. Diese fortschrittliche weiße Supremität, sogar bis heute, argumentierbar. Das beginnt wirklich mit dieser Redefinition von Slavery und innerhalb des Verlusts-Kauses-Myth.
American History Hit
Confederacy: Myth of the Lost Cause
Es ist unglaublich, wie viel Vorsicht es wirklich scheint zu haben. Ich glaube nicht, dass es wirklich war, aber es scheint es zu haben, weil es so einen langwierigen Effekt hatte.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Just a recap right now. I want to say it is a fascinating thing that we really discussed in the previous episode that's worth reminding people of right now. What has happened was the creation of a commercial entity of a whole company that's down here creating a profit-making organization. die nur auf Geld basiert, als gegen eine religiöse Organisation, die den Show leitet.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Das hat funktioniert, es ist ein sehr schrecklicher Weg, es ist immer noch so, aber es passiert. Und als Ergebnis wurde es dem Kronen attraktiv, um diese jetzt offizielle englische Kolonie zu erschaffen, die nicht nach Norden für ein paar mehr Jahre passieren wird. Aber das ist der Prozess, der unterwegs ist. Du hast etwas erwähnt, ich weiß nicht, vor zehn Minuten, das faszinierend war.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
That there was a point where one of those charters actually drew that Virginia all the way out to the Pacific Ocean. That's the beginning of Manifest Destiny, isn't it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Ich meine, philosophisch, ökonomisch sicherlich. Du hast den ganzen Bedrock des amerikanischen Experimentes, der im Süden ausgesprochen wurde, indem man Geld macht, indem man diese eventuellen Plantationen kreiert, diese agrarischen Fiefdoms, die diese ganze Subkultur kreieren, oder zumindest die Kultur, wie man viel Geld machen kann, um seine Arbeitskosten niedrig zu halten.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Du weißt, du bringst geschlossene Menschen ein. Up north, meanwhile, you have the beacon on the hill. You know, you have the whole Puritan dream. And that's the difference. That's the dichotomy that's very exciting for me personally at this point in my life to understand. How do you end up with these two Americans? That's kind of the basics of it, isn't it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Ja. 1644, da gibt es, wie du es erwähnt hast, einen großen Angriff von Opechenkinau. 300 plus werden getötet. Das führt zu mehr und mehr Unruhe, das mit dem sogenannten Bacon's Rebellion endet. 1676, wir sind jetzt ziemlich weit runter. Erklär uns, was Bacon's Rebellion ist und wie das zu dem Abfall kommt, oder zumindest zu dem Ende, was wir als Jamestown kennen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Welcome back, I'm Don Wildman. This is American History Hit. Did Jamestown fail? It was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. Yet it was eventually abandoned. Over the past three weeks, we've uncovered the hard history of the place, ravaged by disease, war, famine. But Jamestown did endure for a time to become Virginia's capital.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Well, it's going to lead to a lot of class tension, isn't it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Yeah. The French Revolution. You name it. Wealth disparity. It's amazing how often this has happened in the history of man. And this is what causes the rebellion in 1676. How long does it last? A year. Mm-hmm.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
For 92 years, until 1699, there it was, when the seat of power was finally moved to Williamsburg. So today, let's tell the last chapter and unravel the mystery of what happened to Jamestown. To find out, I am joined by Willie Balderson, Director of Living History and Historic Trades at Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, down there at Jamestown itself. Nice to have you back again.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
But this begins an inexorable momentum towards moving this entire place to the north, am I right? It eventually becomes a new Jamestown and then Williamsburg, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
That's ostensibly what was happening, but I'm sure there were all kinds of other more organic reasons, so to speak. I mean, such a spread of settlement really had gone to the north and west. Is that right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And it was only a matter of time before in order to manage those things and in order for those burgesses not to have to travel so far, you end up with a new capital.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Wow. It boggles the mind. I mean, it really does, that such a place could be founded against all the odds. Tremendous torture and pain involved in doing this. And then to actually have survived despite itself. You know, by hook or crook, or at least the desire to make a pound, you know, to turn a profit, was really that much of a driving force.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
I can't help but think that tobacco had everything to do with it. You know, it was such a celebrated crop, created a whole industry back in Europe. Und das sind die verschiedenen Elemente, die daraus entstehen, nicht zu erwähnen die Entschädigung. Es sind einfach all diese verschiedenen Dinge, die Teil des Steuers werden, das, weißt du, genügend Leute genügt, um dieses Ding zu erreichen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Thanks. For anyone who hasn't heard the three prior episodes of this series, we've been going through the founding and development and finally settling down of Jamestown Colony so that it eventually becomes a success story. Willie, I want to make this clear because we're going to talk about a charter being revoked at the end here.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Ein Teil davon ist, dass man in so vielen der frühen Tage keinen Weg raus hatte. Das kreiert eine andere Art von Genesung. Es ist mehr wie ein Überlebensinstinkt, ich glaube, als später. Es ist unglaublich. Aber ich möchte nur sagen, es ist eine sehr spannende Serie für mich gewesen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Because of course, like any little kid in the East Coast, I went to Jamestown when I was 10 years old and walked around the Palisades. You know, imagine this whole thing and it was all very interesting. But I had no clue until very recently and driven home by this conversation, how fundamental Jamestown is to creating the American South and beyond that forever.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
I mean, George Washington is really a product essentially of Jamestown. That whole idea of his view of America, you know. How many canals he wanted to dig across the country. You know, the whole commercial enterprise that this continent was going to become in those founding fathers' minds.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Das wird den Kanawa-Kanal verbinden, um den Ostkosten zu verbinden. Willie Valstern is the Director of Living History and Historical Trades at Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, the organization that oversees operations at historic Jamestown, Jamestown Island especially. I honestly, Willie, cannot wait to go back to Jamestown, now that I know as much as I do from these four episodes.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Parents, school your children. This is good stuff. Thank you so much, Willie. Nice to meet you.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Hey, thanks for listening to American History Hit. Don't miss an episode. By hitting like and follow, you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on. And while you're at it, share it with a friend. American History Hit with me, Don Wildman. So grateful for your support.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
So we have not really been clear about the fact that there were three other charters before this. When we talk about charter, what are we talking about?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Sure. And there was one in 1606, the first charter. A second comes in 1609, just a few years later. The third charter, 1612. And we're going to be talking in this episode about 1624, when that last charter is revoked. Each one of these is a kind of a readjustment for the Virginia company back in England.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
But how this whole thing is running, the size of it and so forth, is creating problems and challenges and how it's governed and so forth. But we really find, I mean, this is the real headline of the series, the basis of the governance of Virginia is really created here in Jamestown, correct?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Am Februarmorgen in Ost-Virginien, die Temperatur um 55 Grad Fahrenheit, rippeln die Wälder um den Stuhl des James-Towns unter einem überflüssigen Himmel. Die Strömungen des James-Rivers sind fast bei hohem Tiefen, die sich über die Fläche bewegen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And that was the Great Charter, 1618. Yes. What was life like in the colony in that final era of time? Had the mission been accomplished as far as it being a profitable commercial enterprise, in this case probably tobacco mainly, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Nach einer kurzen Brücke parken wir uns am Besucherzentrum und gehen in Richtung des historischen Jamestowns, folgend durch eine Gravelstraße, die zu den rekonstruierten Palästinensien führt. Die dünnen Fenster sind vorsichtig befestigt, um das originelle Design des Fortes zu vergleichen. Auf der linken Seite steht die Memorial Church, die 1907 errichtet wurde, um den 300.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Sure. What's interesting to me is that after these 20 years, there's still these threats. I mean, the threat has not been mitigated. You would have thought, I would imagine, through all that governance and all those times, that measures would have been taken, negotiations would have happened, but apparently not.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And this is going to mark the beginning of a whole longer period of conflict that goes into the 1630s. You know, this is a decade and more of lots of problems that eventually lands with even a rebellion within itself, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Geburtstag von Jamestown zu markieren. Fast the red brick building, we approach the church tower. Separate, yet nearby, it is a lone sentinel from the past. The last remaining above ground structure from the colonial days. Rising about 40 feet, the tower's wide square base supports a tall, narrow doorway, stretching more than halfway up the building's height.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
It just seems very coincidental with the fact that the New Netherland begins in 1624, the same year. Did that have anything to do with it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Huh. And there have been wars being fought over this in the previous years, Dutch and the English, and all kinds of stuff is happening back in Europe, of course. This is merely the tip of the iceberg, I understand.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Yeah. So this stake in the ground in the new world is driven deeper when that charter is revoked and it becomes an official crown colony.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Ja, und New Sweden ist in Süd-New Jersey. Ich meine, es gibt alle Art von Drucken, die passieren und die Engländer erinnern, dass wir besser dieses Land holen sollten. Ich möchte nur bemerken, ich meine, die Geografie davon ist, dass du die Massachusetts Bay Colony da oben hast, seit die Pilger kamen, ein paar Jahre früher, Anfang in der Cape Cod-Area. Und dann hast du Jamestown hier unten.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Built around 1680, 73 years after the English settlers first arrived. This is believed to be the fourth church constructed here. Every year here at historic Jamestown, archaeologists unearth more buried evidence of the fort and its community. But why does this tower remain, while everything else has seemingly vanished? What was it exactly that finally led to Jamestown's demise? Jamestown
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Das ist wie ein Weiß, zwischen ihnen ist der Deutsche. Und es ist nur eine Frage von Zeit, 1664, wenn das alles voll wird. Und das ist die Dynamik im Spiel.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Ja. I'll be back with more American History after this short break.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
But it's telling that the first capital was in Montgomery in Alabama, so deep in the south. They didn't know. I mean, it's very likely that Virginia would have been a border state, right?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
I'll be right back after this short break. Meantime, if you'd like us to cover anything specifically, if you have any ideas of subject matter we should be looking at, send us an email at ahh.historyhit.com. We'd love to hear from you.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Grüße, Leute, es ist Don Wildman hier, euer Host für ein weiteres Video von American History Hit. Willkommen. Heute ist ein Teil unserer Deep Dive-Serie über die Natur und die Praxis der Konföderation. Die 11 Staaten, die von der Union über den Winter und den Frühjahr 1860-1861 verabschiedeten, die in den Krieg bis 1865 engagierten.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
It's all about getting the supply lines of the North stretched out as thinly as possible, which of course doesn't happen as well as they planned, especially when the Mississippi River kicks over to the Union. And all of those supply lines are maintained, especially when you have a quartermaster, a professional quartermaster in charge in the Ulysses S. Grant. That was the big factor.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
When that doesn't work out and they're really on their heels, it becomes a guerrilla warfare, doesn't it?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
This is so exciting to me to finally understand and say once and for all, I understand how the North understood how to fight the South, which was, you know, chicken and egg conversation. Did the North recognize the offensive defensive strategy or the other way around? Did the South understand how to beat them by drawing them in?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Südkarolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Nordkarolina und Tennessee in dieser chronologischen Ordnung. Ich liste sie, um zu sagen, was für eine massive Geografie von 750.000 Quadratmetern wir betrachten. Was die Frage ist, wie würden sie diese Krieg kämpfen? Was war die Strategie?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
It's a chilling fact how late in the game this could have gone otherwise. Why did they lose? I mean, what's sort of the list of factors that causes that to happen?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
The first draft in the United States is the Southern Conscription. Does that continue throughout the war? Does it cycle?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Ja, man wundert sich, warum sie so lange warten. Ich meine, das sind Leute, denen man sagen könnte, was zu tun ist. Ich glaube, es war, um die Heimatfront zu halten, richtig?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Gegen so einen hervorragenden Feu wie die Vereinigten Staaten, deren Bevölkerung die Süd-Mortem 3 zu 1 übernommen hat. Keine Ahnung, ihre offenen Vorteile in Equipment und Supplies. Cecily Zander kommt heute mit mir, wie sie es in der Vergangenheit herzlich gemacht hat. Cecily war mein Gast für Episode 162, Ulysses S. Grant und der Zivilen Krieg.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
How much of a factor did exemptions for slave-holding Southerners play in this? I mean, here's the fact. For each 20 enslaved people, one white man must stay on the plantation. That was the kind of rule of thumb, right?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
It's all about supplies, of course, in fighting any war. And the original northern strategy of the Anaconda Plan, the Scots Anaconda, it gets caught up to by Grant's meat grinder of a pursuit. It becomes a successful blockade that plays such a factor because they can't get weapons, they can't get ammunition from other sides.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
If Lincoln was so worried in the summer of 1864 that his lack of re-election would cause the North to lose, the South must have been dying for this. That must have been fundamental for them. But was it that political problem, that political outcome, was that the fateful moment towards the end?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
She is author of Abraham Lincoln and the American West, a manuscript in progress. Also The Army Under Fire, Anti-Militarism in the Civil War Era from 2024. Welcome Cicely Zander back to American History. Thanks for coming.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
I have a feeling we're coming back to you for Sherman's March, which we've yet to do on this podcast. It is the fateful military move that does end the war. But I really want to point out something I'm even sort of learning. I've never really framed it mentally as it's the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and then the re-election in 1864 that really frames this entire thing.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Outcome of the war. At least 620,000 dead from both sides. 360,000 approximately from the US and 258,000 from the Confederates. More Union dead than Confederates.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Ja, es wird die Söhne der Konföderationen nehmen, um diese ganze Idee wiederherzustellen. April 9th, Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant akzeptiert den ungewöhnlichen Verabschiedung von General Robert E. Lee, sehr berühmt, und der Zivilkrieg endet am 13. Mai 1865. An diesem very moment, the Confederate States of America ceased to exist. It was never a nation outside of war.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
And so arguable it was never a nation, you know, although it's the way we talk about it. I guess it's important just to put a pin in this idea. The Confederacy went to war against the United States to protect slavery and instead brought about its own and immediate abolition, which is just a. A bumper sticker on this entire idea, isn't it?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
There's so many takeaways. For me, it's thank God for the Gettysburg Address. That's usually the one I go to. And that it's scrawled on the walls of the Lincoln Memorial. I mean, it's got to be the takeaway from all of this. Cecily Zander is an accomplished academic, author and speaker. She is the author of the upcoming Abraham Lincoln and the American West.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
also the Army Under Fire, Anti-Militarism in the Civil War Era from Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Press, as well as a number of articles in various peer articles, which you can see, as I did, at cicelynzander.com, where you can also view photographs of Moe, the border collie, who has seen this nation in every battlefield along the way and chased many a ball across them.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Thank you very much, Cecily. Nice to see you again. We'll talk to you again down the road. Thanks, Don. I appreciate it.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Hello folks, thanks for listening to American History Hit. Each week we release new episodes, two new episodes, dropping Mondays and Thursdays. All kinds of great content, like mysterious missing colonies, to powerful political movements, to some of the biggest battles across the centuries. Bye for now.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
So much of the organization of the Confederacy, its constitution, it was all a mirror image of the United States. And I suppose that went for the military as well. The United States to this point was very suspicious of its own standing armies. You know, it didn't believe in that idea. Was the same true of the Confederacy?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
It's really, I mean, you grow up hearing about the Kentucky and, you know, first Pennsylvania or something. They really were local militia or state militia, at least forged into a whole army. And that went for both sides. Who was in charge militarily?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Der Konfederate-Konstitution erklärt ihn als Kommandeur-in-Chief, genau wie die US-Konstitution. Und auch interessanterweise war er der Sekretär der Krieg unter Franklin Pierce. Also er weiß, wie all diese Hierarchien funktionieren sollen. Wann steigt Robert E. Lee in die Macht, Kommandeur der Armee in Nord-Virginia?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Does being the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, a very glorious title there, put him de facto, is he in charge over Davis or does he really answer to Jeff Davis?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
This is a good chance to drill down a bit on Jefferson Davis the way we really often don't. Jefferson Davis, West Point graduate with experience, lots of experience in the Mexican-American War, distinguished himself really. As I said, a former Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce and now he's Commander-in-Chief.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Is this going to play, all this experience, is it going to play to his favor as the President or is it going to make him more of a meddler?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
He clashes with Beauregard, who was the general who starts the Sumter, and as you say, Joseph Johnston. How do they work that stuff out? Like, is it a greased machine as they get going?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
It's interesting how history, traditional history of the Civil War paints it differently. We're fed this idea that the southern states had this whole kind of military thing. They were just good at what they did. And Lee was just this respected, elegant commander. They had all the same political problems, never mind logistical problems as the North.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Kind of one of the factors that makes it a more efficient war is they're on their home territory, right? Most of the time.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Die Tredegar-Ironworks hier in Richmond, Virginia, rohren mit Feuer und Schmuck. Die größten Ironworks in der Konföderation. Von hier, auf dem James-River, entsteht etwa die Hälfte der Artillerie, die von den Konföderat-Mitgliedern verwendet wird, und dann rollt sie aus auf Rädern, die hier wahrscheinlich auch hergestellt wurden.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Wussten sie, dass dieser ganze Krieg auf ihrem Boden gespielt werden würde? Ja.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Interessant. Sie meinen, Lincoln zu der Negotiationsstelle zu forcieren. Das ist wirklich das generelle Ziel und Ziel dieser Strategie. Eine defensive Strategie ist eigentlich eine sehr starke Krieg, um zu kämpfen. Weil du immer weißt, was du tun wirst. Und es forciert die Hand deines Rivalen, weil sie alle Arbeiten und alle Arbeiten bringen müssen.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Und es ist einfach ein entschädigendes Prozess, jemanden auf ihrem Heimterritorium zu folgen. Es gibt einen Punkt, wo das sehr nahe an der Arbeit für sie ist. Wann beginnt die offensive defensive Strategie?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
Well, and defending all their territories is obviously going to stretch their forces too thin, so they have to keep doing that. Talk about how slavery played a role in their general strategy. How were they going to use this? I guess they thought of it as an asset, right?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Could They Have Won?
You can kind of map the Civil War by, it sort of happens around these prioritized areas where slavery was a big part of life. Is that just a coincidence? I mean, that's how they planned it out?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Das ist alles in Saga-Form gedreht. Was bedeutet das genau und sprechen wir von nur ein paar Geschichten oder von vielen, vielen?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Von allem, was wir heute gesehen haben, ist überall, wo wir geflogen sind, sicher, dass dieses Land ohne Bewohner ist. Kannst du dir vorstellen, ein Weltraum weit von unserem eigenen, ein neues Land, ein wärmeres Land, reich an Bäumen, offenen Späten und abenteuerndem Wild. Zuhause werden wir von unserem Erfolg weinen.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Hatten sie Sagen über all ihre Weltreise geschrieben? Waren sie Mönche? Wer schrieb all diese Dinge?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Die zwei Star, mit denen wir uns beschäftigt haben, sind Eric the Red und sein Sohn, welcher mir berühmt wurde, weil es für mich etwas kalt geworden ist, ist Leif, Erics Sohn, was absolut Sinn macht. Also erzähl mir über ihre Reise. Es ist ein Teil 1 und 2, der erste Teil ist Griechenland und der zweite Teil ist Nordamerika, oder?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Hello everybody, I'm Don Wildman and this is American History Hit. When we were young, in grade school, those of us of a certain age learned that Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. Never mind the man never set foot on the mainland, but only on sandy islands in the Caribbean.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Wir sind gut in der Ära, die Sie vorhin erwähnt haben, in Bezug auf die Besetzung. Sie haben eine andere Mentalität jetzt. Lass uns das probieren. Das könnte für uns eine neue Heimatland sein, oder?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Yes. Where they choose to settle, where Leif stakes his ground out, is it Labrador or is it Newfoundland?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Never mind that for more than 10,000 years mankind was already here, developing sophisticated societies across continents north and south. Turns out the voyages of Christopher Columbus were mostly about Christianization and the coming colonial incursions of the Spanish Empire. Historically, Columbus' so-called discovery is really a whitewash on the darker realities of conquest and domination.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Das ist so interessant. Ich meine, das klärt etwas für mich an meiner Zeit, warum ich in der late 1960er-Jahre in der Grundschule war. Und plötzlich sagten sie, wir denken, dass es vielleicht so ist, weil diese Erfindungen nur einfach gemacht wurden. und durch die 1960er-Jahre bis 1968 veröffentlicht worden. Und das ist der Ort, an den Sie berichtet haben, L'Anse aux Meadows, das ist Neufenland.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Beschreiben Sie das Gebäude dort, was Sie archäologisch gefunden haben.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Genau. Das würde auch von der Tatsache, dass es keine Geburtstätten gibt, beurteilt werden. Ich meine, das ist das, was Archäologen immer suchen, wenn es um weitere Versammlungen und Generationen geht und so weiter. Keiner ist in diesen Orten gebürtigt.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Nonetheless, it was the notion of discovery that stuck for us youngsters. And so it was, until we received the boggling news that it was actually the Vikings who were here first. Sie waren die europäischen Explorers, die Amerika zuerst entdeckt haben. Sie haben fünf Jahrhunderte früher als Kolumbus in der heutigen Kanada stattgefunden.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Nun, ein moderner Amerikaner muss den Fakt, dass die Minnesota-Vikings nicht korrekt genannt wurden, dass es keine Vikings in Minnesota gab, obwohl Begriffe gemacht wurden, sprich die Kensington-Rundstunde, all diese mythologische Beweise.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Diese historische Misserfahrung hat sich erhoben, weil das Rekord der Vikings in Nordamerika mehr eine Legende als eine Faktik bekannt war, basierend auf Sagas und nicht auf Schöpfung. Aber in den 1960er-Jahren hat sich all das verändert. Archäologische Erkenntnisse in Kanada beweisen, dass der europäische erste Aufstieg definitiv ein Norse-Erlebnis war. Alle anderen kamen viel später mit.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Okay, sagen wir es. Obwohl, ich muss sagen, sehr wunderschöne Leute, in Wahrheit, eine liebe Freundin meines, hat Bücher auf ihrer Schale, die sie mir vor Jahren herausgegeben hat, mit erstaunlichem Beweis, dass das passiert ist. Es ist eine interessante Psychologie hinter diesem, weil das ist eine sehr schöne Person, über die ich spreche. Es gab hier keine tiefen, weiße, suprematistische Agenda.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Es ist nur eine Wunder und eine interessante, um herauszufinden, woher wir alle kommen, in dieser großen, vermischten Tasche, die Amerika ist. Und das ist eine faszinierende Idee, diese Weiterentwicklung der Viking-Exploration. Es ist ein bisschen sexy. Und es gibt viele Wege, wie sie es tun könnten, je nachdem, wie ambitiös sie waren und wie ressourcene sie waren.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Und es gab viele Wasserwege, die sie in diese Weise nehmen konnten. Also gibt es viele Gründe, zu wundern. Es ist nur so, dass die Beweise nicht wirklich da sind.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Wir diskutieren das heute in der Firma von Martin Wittek, einem Historiker und Autor aus den USA, dessen neuestes Buch ist American Vikings, How the Norse Sailed into the Lands and Imaginations of America, das am 7. November herauskommt. Hallo Martin, wie geht es dir?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Martin, mein inneres Kind ist lebendig und gut. So viele Fragen. Zuerst, die Identität der Vikings. Ich war nie klar, wer sie waren und woher sie kamen.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Was hat diese Idee getriggert? Ich meine, dieser eine Aspekt des Norse-Viking-Aktivs. War es die Seelieferung, war es eine Erweiterung der Seelieferungsmöglichkeiten, oder was hat diese Idee wirklich geschaffen?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Wow. Wir denken, die Welt ist so klein jetzt, aber sie war damals tatsächlich klein. Ich meine, internationale Events haben Dinge so nahe wie in Skandinavien beeinflusst. Das ist unglaublich.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Unglaublich. War es ... Ich meine, wir sind so beeinflusst von den Medien und den Filmen, die wir gesehen haben. War es mehr um Handel als um Krieg? Ich glaube, es war eine Mischung von beidem.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Und an welchem Punkt werden die Ambitionen über Beschlüsse und die Erstellung einer Zivilisation auf der anderen Seite? Wann wird das umgehen?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Die Bäume kreisen, als wir hart auf die Oren schießen, gegen einen steifen, ausgehenden Tiefen. Unser Schiff fährt in einen Schwellen, in Richtung eines schwarzen Flusses, der vorbeigeht. Tauernde Klöpfe, spotiert mit Grün, werden durch Wasserfalle, Inländer, das Öffnen eines vielleicht kleinen Baus, beobachtet.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
Also bevor wir über Amerika sprechen und all das, möchte ich an einem Bild in meinem Geist einstellen, diese fabelnden Schiffe. Wie viel von diesem ist Art Direction, du weißt, aus unserer Zeit, versus was sie tatsächlich aussehen und die Schiffe, in denen sie waren. Ich sehe eine Art romansches Design für sie, richtig?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
In den Wäldern rund um uns schimmeln teemende Fischschuhe auf der Oberfläche, als die Vögel in sie reißen. Nebenan aspirieren zwei Flügel Wasser, als große Wälder von unten ausatmen. Ein Rheinbein schlägt durch den Mist. Um die Schuhe zu beobachten, gehen wir in die trockenen Wälder, wo wir einen grünen, schwarzen Kamm sehen, der über die riesigen Wälder hinausläuft.
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
So this is my simplistic understanding and I mean grade school. Vikings come from Scandinavia. At some point early on they sail to Ireland. From Ireland they learn of Iceland. From Iceland they learn of Greenland. And that's where they understand that a vast land exists even farther west. How true was this simplistic idea?
American History Hit
Did Vikings Reach the US?
This is by the way the theory of why Icelandic people are so bloody attractive. Because they kidnapped all the pretty people from Ireland and took them to Iceland, right?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
As the lost cause unfolds in generations forward, you've got the daughters of the Confederacy. I mean, this new generation of women, you wonder how much were those attitudes formed in the absence of men, you know, these hardened attitudes.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The looting, grabbing whatever they could get their hands on. Flower, shoes. It was a mess. And things haven't settled down much since. Drunken sailors, wounded soldiers on the mend. Or not. By the way, keep your hand on your wallet. There are pickpockets everywhere. Sure wasn't like this back before the war. All across the South. Makes you wonder if it'll ever come back.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The South is a huge geographical area. How much of that territory was involved in the war versus left to its own devices?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
And of course they're fighting for the right for states to be the focus of this nation rather than the nation itself. I mean, that's the whole idea of the civil war is to defeat federal power or at least minimize it.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
As the war drags onward, the graph line of fear among the populace just skyrockets. I mean, they're realizing that this is an entire destruction of their society at hand.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Hello and welcome back to American History Hit. I'm your host, Don Wildman. From the 8th of February 1861 until the spring of 1865, 9 million people of the 11 seceded states were ruled from the Virginian State Capitol Building in Richmond. In this second episode of our series on the rebel states, we're leaving the grandiose halls of Richmond behind.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
They move from being sort of naively hoping that this is only going to be a short war and not affect them very much to realizing they're fighting for their survival, for the survival of this society and this system in the most dire circumstance. How much was that felt in real time by the everyday person?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
That's why I'm asking about the awareness throughout the entire South, because so much of this is about perception.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
And so if you are living in an area, which is a lot of the South, where you never saw these burned out farms or you never saw the marching troops, and of course there's no television, there's nothing else except newspapers occasionally telling you that it was real bad up there in Virginia, you wouldn't have the reaction that we think people would naturally have at this point.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
But where it does affect them, where the war is landing, is horrific. And I cannot imagine that the average citizen in this area of the country had any clue what was coming. This was a full-on all-out war and they didn't expect that to happen.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Well, again, it would be only in the newspapers that so many people had read that kind of stuff. And horrifying as it was, it wasn't necessarily affecting them where they were. One thing that is endemic throughout is the starvation crises that come down the road. So there's a huge amount of suffering to be sure among civilians because of access to food.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Instead, veering into the everyday lives of everyday people in the Confederate States. Hallo Aaron, schön, dass du zurück bist. Yeah, thanks for having me again. Okay, so we have 11 seceded states. Population of which was how much?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The numbers are pretty extraordinary. Hyperinflation makes food just unaffordable in certain areas. Flour, $275 a barrel in Lynchburg, Virginia. That's incredible. That's a huge amount of money back then.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
I want to illustrate the bread riot that you're talking about. I mean, the date is April 2nd, 1863. And these are massive riots with militia called out, orders to open fire. They didn't because the women went home. But these women were armed with axes and clubs and knives, chanting bread or blood. You know, this is a major emergency. And it's this kind of dissent, which is a nice word for it,
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Compare that to 22 million in the Union States. Boy, right there you have a A huge disparity to fight a war with.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
It does not fit into the chivalric ideal that was pursued at the beginning of all of this.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Exactly. It's a be careful what you ask for situation because you've created a crucible, really, of social change by empowering these folks at home simply by the absence of these, you know, white masters. The white men are gone. So therefore, here we go. You know, it happens every war. Things happen on the home front that alter things after the fact.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Es gibt 1,5 Millionen weiße Männer in der Südseite, die auf Wahl- und Militärzeit arbeiten. Das sind nicht viele Menschen, die gegen eine massive Macht im Norden kämpfen.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Das ist einer der großen Unterschiede, ich meine, sicherlich kulturell, aber technologisch sogar, zwischen Norden und Süden an diesem Punkt. Und das passiert überall in der Welt. Die Unterschiede zwischen einem agrarischen und einer industriellen Gesellschaft. Der Norden und der Süden sind auf zwei verschiedenen Straßen.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Das Ideal im Süden ist natürlich die Jeffersonische Republik, die natürlich agrarisch basiert ist. Das ist, wie sie leben wollen. Das ist der Plan, oder?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Yeah, right. Natürlich ist die Entschlossenheit prominent in diesem Plan. Ich meine, es ist eine absolute Nötigkeit, soweit das Plantationssystem geht. Und das ist in ihrer neuen Verfassung inschrieben, richtig?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Alexander Stevens ist der berühmte, der den Grundstück-Gespräch macht, dass alles, worauf wir uns basieren, auf unserer Verständnis der weißen Zufriedenheit basiert.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
I've always wondered this. Was this going to be the name of this country, the Confederate States of America, even if they'd won?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The Confederate States of America only existed during this war. So we're doing a bit of speculation here, but I want to know how they saw the home front developing after the fact. You know, had they won the war, how was the life in the Confederate States going to be?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Sure. It's interesting to speculate on the development of unions in the South. All sorts of things that happened in the North would have to happen in the South as well. The support for the war effort in general is not as complete as we think of it as being, is it?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The year is 1864. We're heading right down Main Street, here in Richmond, Virginia. You may have seen this place before, but it is a whole different city now. Richmond's the capital of the Confederacy, and it shows the place has been transformed by the war. We've got soldiers, government officials, all mixing with laborers, come to where the work is, where the munitions are made.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Du kannst sehen, dass... Secession process a bit of a sort of microcosm of what it would be like down the road as far as moderates versus conservatives and the way the CSA would have played out, certainly in its approach to the North, to the United States.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
The Civil War has some little bit of the effect that World War II has on America, where the women are left at home and have to sort of fill in for a lot of the men. That had happened in a big way throughout the Confederacy during the war.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
And it's going to have an effect, you know, had they won the counterfactual. Gee, women are now going to have a bigger role in this society than they ever had before, which is going to fly in the face of all those white men who want to steer, turn the clock back.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Look up the hill ahead. That's the Capitol building, where the state government of Virginia stands shoulder to shoulder with the Confederate Congress. Packed in like sardines, they say. And down there to the left, that's the Tredegar Ironworks on the James River. Those hulking buildings spewing smoke. Hard as it is now, you should be glad you weren't here last year. In April, the protests.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Life In The South
Nichtsdestotrotz die rassistischen Dynamiken. Ich meine, es ist unvorstellbar, natürlich, den Genie hier zurückzubeißen. Aber wenn du es gemacht hast, ich meine, alles hat sich verändert.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Oh, interessant. Wenn ich also draußen stehe, wenn ich als Paläontologe draußen stehe und darüber nachdenke, wie groß diese Bullen sind, wie groß ist die Wand?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
How long does it take before a more peaceful contact has been made? When do things calm down?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
How did they not identify a water source? That's weird.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Hallo, willkommen zu American History Hit, I'm Don Wildman. Last week we heard about the historic journey to a land called Virginia in 1607. How some 100 men set sail from London to build a colony. Their instructions sealed in an envelope, only to be opened upon their arrival. If you haven't listened to that episode, I invite you to do so. We'll be right here after you caught up.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Wow, interessant. Aber sie hätten den Titel verstanden, dass sie in einem Estuarium waren und all das. Richtig.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
I'll be right back after this short break. Meantime, if you'd like us to cover anything specifically, if you have any ideas of subject matter we should be looking at, send us an email at ahh.historyhit.com. We'd love to hear from you.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Sag mir, wie Kapitän John Smith, der wirklich als einen viel mehr sophisticateden Mann erscheint, als die Leute an dem Zeitpunkt dachten, richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
As for today, we rejoin our hundred men on Jamestown Island, about 50 miles up from the Chesapeake on what is now called the James River, as they build upon their new land and a flaw in their grand plan becomes increasingly apparent. These lands, they've been told, are already occupied. So claiming this area won't be as simple as raising a cross or staking a flag.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Yeah. And that vibe certainly is felt among his fellow settlers, but also is felt by the native people who come and meet him, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
We've already mentioned the late arrival of these ships. That's going to affect everything, certainly the growing of crops, getting crops into the ground, which I suppose was the idea, right? That they would get there in the early spring and suddenly in the summer they'd have plenty to eat. But that doesn't really happen that way, does it?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Du hast die Supply Ships erwähnt. Wann sollen sie kommen?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
It will lead to conflict, to bloodshed. eventually to the destruction of a population, a nation that will never be the same again. In this episode I am joined once more by Mark Summers, Educational Director of Youth and Public Programs for Jamestown Rediscovery.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Before, I just want to understand the logistics. By the fall, have they kind of settled into a routine? Because it's going to be a couple of years before anybody goes home, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
From collaboration to suspicion to outright war, we explore the tumultuous relationship between the British and the Poetan, native to this area. Mark Summers, willkommen zurück bei American History Hit.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Right. Peace through strength, I suppose, is the old cliche, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Als wir vorhin über die Jamestown-Kolonie diskutierten, haben sie gerade gelandet, begonnen, Land zu klären, Bäume zu schneiden, zu suchen, wie sie die Aufgabe erreichen, die sie verabschiedet worden sind, weil das eine Firma ist, die übernommen wird, um Geld zu machen. Sie werden einige unerwartete Elemente in dieser neuen Leben, bin ich richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
and how there are long sustained periods of peace, right? The conflict continues, but it will come up and down based on who they're dealing with, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
It's got to be reassuring that there aren't many ships coming and many more men getting off these ships and settling. It's not a growing colony through these years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
There's a fateful explosion, isn't there, in the fall of 1609. Why was he fired?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
How much education was done for these new settlers back home? How much did they know about these cultures?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
They had already been planting tobacco, obviously. I mean, that's where the English learned it from. Had they been growing it on a large scale? Did they see what the English were doing with it and understood the threat?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
And this mercantile leap forward, we can chalk up to the marriage with Poconhas. It was that peace that came in because of her and John Rolfe marrying that allowed this new business to take hold over time, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Natürlich. Aber dieser neue Chef wird aufstehen. Eine neue Wave von Resistenz wird um 1622 stattfinden. Also gab es diese friedliche, fast zehn Jahre, acht Jahre zumindest, Zeit, dank von Pocahontas und Rolf und anderen Events auch, die für das Wachstum von Tabak eine Art Entzündung eines neuen Geschäftsmodells ermöglicht haben. Und dann sind wir weg.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
An diesem Punkt startet Opechencanu einen Angriff.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Und das initiiert einen Zeitraum des Krieges von zehn Jahren, richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Aber es ist wichtig zu erinnern, dass das Hintergrund für das ist ein England, das nicht gut ist, du weißt, zivil. Es ist in der Mitte von Kriegen. Der Zivilkriegsperiode von England geht an dieser Zeit.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017 Dagegen haben sie zuerst Landfall auf dem Cape geplant. Dann sind sie in den Inland eingestiegen und haben 50 Meilen über einen breiten, willkommenen Treibhaus besucht. Einen, der einen tiefen Kanal bietet, mit dem sie ihre Pferde besitzen können.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
There's another big attack, 1644. Another 300 to 400 people killed. Out of, at that point, 800 settlers.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Wow. So at that point, when Opechancanoo dies, what then happens? Is there a brokered peace? Is it really official that way? Or does just things keep going?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
What is the relationship between Jamestown and, say, the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the other English settlements?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Sie befinden sich direkt in der Mitte einer großen Gesellschaft, richtig?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
And right in the middle, there's the Dutch New Netherland right there.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Es ist der Erfolg, besonders der Tabak, der andere Kolonisten ermöglicht, zu sagen, hey, wir können etwas tun. In den Deutschen ist es natürlich Furs und solche Dinge. Aber die Idee ist, dass sie das tun können und Geld machen können. Also für 30 Jahre oder so sind Dinge gesammelt, Lande sind verdividet, Städte sind angefangen, ich schätze. Wir haben was als Bacon's Rebellion 1676 genannt.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Unglaublich, wie der Name Bacon so wichtig war.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
But at heart it's a class warfare, is it not?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Wow, interessant. Also was ist der Aufschlag dieser Zeit? Sie sagen, eine völlig neue Art von Regierung wird stattfinden.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Also ist es wirklich der englische Zivilkrieg, der die Grundlagen des Pflanzensystems im Süden erzeugt. Tobak ist zu Beginn, aber dann wird das von Kotten verwendet und da geht es.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Ich habe einfach ein großes Stück des Chigsaw-Puzzles in dort und habe gesagt, wow, da habe ich den Himmel gemacht. Erzähl uns, wo es für die Native American Tribes landet, aber zu diesem Punkt, weil wir so viel über Poeten gesprochen haben.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Had there originally been an expectation that the native, the indigenous populations would become the labor force for the expansion of this white kingdom that was going to be planted here?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
But it's the resistance of those tribes that prevents this from happening.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
That's what I'm saying. The door is open for the need for labor. And that's all been established down in the Caribbean. So that's brought up. And suddenly we have the real building blocks of what becomes the 18th and 19th century.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Mark, das ist so erstaunlich. Ich schreibe die Noten, die ich hier mache, weil das ist, warum wir auf diesem Thema nachdenken, weil Jamestown so fundamental ist für das Bilden dieses Landes. Wir sind nicht mal am Punkt, dass es das Anfang von Williamsburg wird und all das. Das kommt in ein paar neuen Episoden, die wir nächsten Tag machen. Aber das ist, wie wichtig das ist.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Was wir alle als die Pocahontas-Legende denken, ist tatsächlich ein unglaublich wichtiger Punkt. Thank you so much. Can you hear me sputtering? I'm so excited about this.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Well, you're talking to a guy whose father dragged him down there when he was 10 years old, and I walked around, I got on the ship, and these sort of infantile memories are all I have of Jamestown. Of course, I was raised in New Jersey, that's why.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
But now, here I am, late in life, finding out that without Jamestown and an education about it, you really don't understand how America really got started.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Vielen Dank, Mark. Mark Summers ist der Bildungsdirektor der Jugend- und öffentlichen Programme für Jamestown Rediscovery. Was ist Jamestown Rediscovery, Mark?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Es ist also eine lustige Partei. Es ist ein gigantischer Tag, wenn man einen Tag dort verbracht hat, weil es so viel zu sehen gibt in diesem Ort, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Klar, ja. Der Name Palatin kommt tatsächlich von einem Einzelnen, von einem Chef.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Wie würden sie sich in der Höhe von, sagen wir, den Algonquien im Norden vergleichen? Ich meine, das war eine sehr breite Gruppe von Menschen und eine sehr entwickeltes Gesellschaft.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Well, but full of resources and also, you know, temperate zone etc. It would have been very envied, I imagine, throughout the land.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
They have dealt with threats in the past from their own land. Now these folks come across the ocean. What's that first meeting like?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
This has always confused me, because any human being, especially someone who is equipped for war, who walks onto someone else's land, understands the dynamics at hand. It's not like, oh, they're not Christian, therefore we own this place. It's not as simple as that. So that has always confused me. The lack of sophistication in approaching this situation.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Lawrence of Arabia. Yes, right, right, this sort of sense. That's what I mean. It's come down to us as a stereotype.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Suchend für eine passende Ankerung, haben sie sich für eine kleine Peninsula ausgewählt, die sich mit einer breiten Landbrücke verbindet. Hier, wie sie glaubten, könnten sie sich befinden. Hier könnten sie sich erweitern und wachsen. Hier könnten sie eine starke Verteidigung gegen die Angriffsschüsse bauen, besonders von Spanien nach Süden.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
And this is the important thing to keep in mind. This is a job they're doing. This is something they've been hired to do. This is a commercial endeavor, first and foremost.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The British and The Powhatan
Sind da Schelter gebaut, um diese Menschen zu leben?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Es gibt so einen interessanten Faktor in diesen Akkorden, den ich nicht wirklich wusste, bevor ich diese Präparation gemacht habe. Durch diese Periode ist eine massive Migration nach Norden nach Süden, ermutigt von dem, was in den Akkorden war, von 300 Tagen der Freude. Es war eigentlich in Quotationen, glaube ich. Yeah. The trouble is that in this migration, a lot of insurgents moved with them.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
It was part of, it became part of a plan upon, by the North Vietnamese. They kind of planted sleeper cells all around the South. Yeah, that's true.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ihre langgepumpten Waffen sind Richtung Stadtzentrum und dem Präsidentenpalast. Am Mittwoch wird Saigon fallen. The Vietnam War will finally be over. Greetings friends, this is American History Hit and I'm Don Wildman. Es wird oft gesagt, dass die Krieg in Vietnam, das war, als die Vereinigten Staaten zuerst militärisch übersteppten, die Superkraft in eine zivilische Kriegspolitik zu stecken.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
There was like a hundred thousand people moving, as I understand it. Something like that, right? Yeah. Währenddessen konnte die Führung von Nord und Süd natürlich nicht anders sein. Du hast die Katholiken erwähnt. Es ist ein faszinierender Blick auf das ganze Ding. Du hattest die französische Kolonisierung, die natürlich die Katholiken war. Sie brachten den Katholizismus nach Asien.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Und viele Menschen, die unter diesen imperialen Regeln von Vietnam arbeiteten, hatten den Katholizismus als ihre Religion adoptiert. Das war auch kontroversial in Vietnam, was so ein buddhistisches Land war. You're absolutely right.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Right. Up north you have Ho Chi Minh, Uncle Ho, beloved by his people, leads the north for decades until he dies in 1969. Fascinating man. In the south there are leftovers of that old imperial rule, which had accommodated French colonialism. Ngo Dinh Diem wird dann Präsident des Süden Vietnames. Politisch sehr schrecklich, diese neue Nation.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Die Leute haben keine Verständnis dafür, was an der Stelle ist. Das ist Teil des Problems, oder?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ja, wir haben erwähnt, von woher man kämpft. Ich meine, eine antikommunistische Stille kann stark sein, weil die Menschen in Angst leben, aber man handelt sich um zu viele Negativen und das beginnt zu werden, du weißt, erodiert von seiner eigenen, von seiner eigenen Selbst, diese Art von Position.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
1961 beginnen wir mit einer puren Vorsorgerolle zu einer direkten militärischen Koordination mit Südafrika. Warum mussten wir eine stärkere, größere Rolle an diesem Punkt nehmen? Wurden sie auf dem Boden verloren?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
It's important to keep in mind the context. There's been a revolution in Cuba, right off our shores. All of that is going on. Communism is on the march, it seems. So Kennedy comes in, there's an off-quoted press conference of his in March 61, I believe it is, where he basically declares his selection. You know, we're selecting Vietnam as an important place to prove that we will stand up to this.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
It's a very conscious political statement of his. Wenn er Präsident wird, schickt er, wie du sagst, 4.000 US-Armee-Spezialwaffen, um südvietnamesische Soldaten zu trainieren. Das ist also der nächste Schritt. Sie entwerfen das sogenannte Strategie-Hamlet-Programm, um vietnamesische Flüchtlinge in verdächtige Flüchtlinge zu relocieren. Ich möchte, dass du mir das bitte erklärst.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Und somit sie von der Viet Cong isolieren. Es ist ein ganz großes Programm. Es fehlt.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Parallel mit Korea, ein paar Jahre früher. Aber als die 1954-Geneva-Akkorde die politische Division von Vietnam am 17. Parallel setzte, and circumstances escalated into guerrilla warfare waged by communist forces of the North against the Republic of Vietnam in the South, the United States intervened.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
The South, remember, is bucolic, gorgeous countryside, you know, beautiful winding rivers, agrarian-based economy at the time for sure. whereas the north is where the French colonial capital was and all that stuff was happening up there. So suddenly you're having this outside force come in and sort of reshape the countryside in a kind of bizarre fashion. That's a very interesting word.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Then comes the assassination of Diem and his brother, just three weeks before Kennedy is killed in November. Here are the Americans projecting power and their own president is assassinated at home. Had to be earth-shaking for them.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
First there was Truman, then President Eisenhower, then Kennedy, then Johnson, committed ever-growing numbers of American advisors and increasing military support and then troops to aggressively resist the communist threat across Southeast Asia, all supported by China and the Soviet Union.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Boy, this is the time of the Buddhist monks self-immolating these famous images that everyone sees, which is also important to point out. We are seeing the images. I mean, this is a new time for American journalism. And Americans are seeing all this unfold on television for the first time. And this becomes an ever escalating factor in American life right into the later 60s.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
I remind you, we are building a framework here of the major turning points of Vietnam. And what we've just done is flashback to what came before, leading up to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. When we come back, we will take events from that point onward. I'll be back with more American history after this short break.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
If Korea had been Act I, then Vietnam was Act II, and the Americans intended to be front and center in this drama, carrying it forth to a finale of freedom and democracy. Of course, an awful lot has happened in the 60 years since Vietnam, but to a startling degree, it still matters very much.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
So at that point, we're back where we started in this show. 1964, Johnson has taken over because of Kennedy's assassination, obviously. And at that point, how is Johnson going to produce results? I imagine because of his personality, a lot faster than he's seen before. Exactly.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
It brings to mind that Neil Sheehan book. Yeah, Bright Shining Lie. Yeah, Bright Shining Lie. Amazing portrayal of that early, early 60s period through the eyes of one particular advisor who saw a kind of way of fighting this war that we were not going to fight. Yeah. And that's the tipping point that we're on.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Johnson sort of takes that whole thing over and between 65 and 67 turns it into essentially a full-scale war. In those years of 65-67, Free Tet Offensive, it was going fairly as predicted. Is that fair to say?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
American influence in global events, militarily certainly, is still rooted in the painful lessons of that conflict, in the choices we made to involve our nation in the unfolding fate of another. You need objective clarity on this. You need to understand the framework. And we have just the man to help.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
I mean, you basically have military leadership who sort of carry over from a lot of them, the higher generals anyway, carry over from World War II, that mindset of fighting a war of invincible strength in the face of your enemy, coupled with this new idea of how to fight a war epitomized by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, this data-driven whole approach to the war as micromanaged and so forth.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
This sort of inner conflict is at hand. die Johnson betrachtet, die alles von der Kennedy-Administration übernommen wurde.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
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American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Mark Atwood Lawrence has been a real friend of the podcast, guested on a number of episodes even very recently. He is a professor of history, distinguished fellow at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law and a fellow at the Clements Center for National Security at the University of Texas at Austin.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
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American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
and author of The Vietnam War, A Concise International History, as well as Assuming the Burden, Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam. Professor Lawrence, Mark, welcome back. Thanks so much, Don. It's great to be with you. Complicated events lead up to American involvement in Vietnam. We'll talk about them in a moment.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
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American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
French capitulation, the division of North and South, as mentioned. Check out Episode 108 on the origins of the Vietnam War we recorded some time ago. In den 1950er-Jahren sind die Amerikaner hinter den Szenen, als die Franzosen versuchen, die Macht, die sie von den Japanerinnen verloren haben, zu erneuern. Sie wurden 1954 gefeuert, und das ist, als wir langsam in Korea steigen.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ein großer Faktor ist, dass Korea nicht so gut war, gegen den antikommunistischen Kampf auf diesem Grund. Wie fühlen die Amerikaner sich über noch einen Fouret in Asien?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Yeah, I think that's right.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Es ist auch sehr schmerzhaft, wenn man die schrecklichen Events, die du bereits gesprochen hast, mit Kambodscha und so weiter betrachtet. Genau.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
You're still writing about it. Do you think that this will ever be absorbed and understood in a kind of organic fashion?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ja, ein 25-jähriges Engagement in Afghanistan ist Beweise dafür, dass es immer noch sehr schwierig ist, es herauszufinden. Genau. Abhängig von deinem Feind. Ich denke, der wichtige Element für Vietnam, besonders für die heutigen Generationen, ist, dass man das Framework für das, was passiert ist, versteht. Sonst verlierst du die Schritte, die wir genommen haben.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Es gibt eine Intimität, die Amerikaner mit Vietnam haben, die sie nicht mit anderen Kriegen haben, um die öffentliche Frage zu sprechen. Durch die Medien, durch die Filme und zu dem Zeitpunkt durch die TV. Vielen Dank, Marc. Es war mir ein Vergnügen, mit dir zu sprechen.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Marc Atwood Lawrence ist der Autor eines wichtigen Buches namens The Vietnam War, A Concise International History, das 2008 veröffentlicht wurde. Ich glaube, mehr recently, Assuming the Burden, Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam. If you like the way he clearly explains things, here, try his books. He professes History at the University of Texas in Austin.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
And you're working on a new book, I understand, about the 1976 American election, right?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Thanks so much, Don. I appreciate it. Hey, thanks for listening to American History Hit. You know, every week we release new episodes, two new episodes dropping Mondays and Thursdays. All kinds of content from mysterious missing colonies to powerful political movements to some of the biggest battles across the centuries. Don't miss an episode.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
By hitting like and follow you help us out, which is great. But you'll also be reminded when our shows are on. And while you're at it, share it with a friend. American History Hit with me, Don Wildman. So grateful for your support.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Exactly. This is really officially Cold War now. Yeah. Und das wird von Kennedy und dem Rest auch beurteilt. Es ist 1964, das ist der größte erste Wendepunkt für die amerikanische Krieg in Vietnam. Der Gulf of Tonkin-Inzidenz in den frühen Tagen der Johnson-Administration. Wir werden ein bisschen rüberfliegen. Wir kommen in einem Moment zurück zu den Franzosen.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Aber lasst uns dieses Land zuerst beurteilen. Die US-Schiffe wurden verurteilt von den Nordvietnamesen. Kannst du beschreiben, was im Gulf of Tonkin passiert ist?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Yeah, it would be defined later as a false flag situation. But you're saying that it was kind of an event that then became exploited. It was sort of an opportunity exploited instead of sort of planned that way.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Der Grund, warum es so wichtig ist, ist, dass es direkt zu der 1965-Eskalation führt. Die Bemühungen der Kampfgruppen, anstatt von Vorsitzenden, die jahrelang da waren, sogar eine Dekade oder mehr. Es wird oft als die Anfang der Kriege für die USA betrachtet.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Yeah, it's about a year later, February 13th, 1965, from the Gulf of Tonkin incident, Operation Rolling Thunder is authorized. But I want to ask you, it was not by Congress. This is not a declaration of war as we formally define it. Why not? Why was that important?
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Aber Korea war auch nicht eine deklarierte Krieg. Richtig, ja. Ich meine, die Deklaration der Krieg ist auch ein legales Gesetz, richtig? Ich meine, es betrifft eine Menge Territorium, sobald man in der Krieg ist. Ja.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ja. I remember how interesting and strange it was when we declared war on terrorism. But that was more important than it sounded at the time. It sounded like a sort of news item, but it was really a legal declaration that we were taking it to that level. This also unleashes sustained bombing in North Vietnam. There are measures taken.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
April 30th, 1975, 50 Jahre vor diesem Monat. Trotz fast zwei Jahrzehnten der Krieg, ist Saigon, die Städte Südvietnams, noch ziemlich festgehalten. Es gab die möglichen Raketen, und Restaurants wurden gebombt. Es gab TET, natürlich, im Jahr 1968, insbesondere die Angriff auf die US-Embassie. Für all das hat die Stadt nicht erlebt, wie man es in einer besiegten Nation erwarten könnte.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
March 8th, a month after the initial combat troops are sent, two marine battalions, 3,500 troops go offshore to protect the airfields. They are still ordered to shoot only if shot at. You know, there's a sort of attitude about this that's different than it becomes. April 3rd, 1965, two additional battalions, air squadrons, logistics staff, full-scale offensive operations by mid-April.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Boy, does this happen quick. It's a couple months. They must have had that, you know, bullet in the chamber for a while there.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
By April, again, there are 200,000 troops stationed in Vietnam. And at that point, we're hightailing towards Hueys and B-52s down the road. It is game on at that point, 1965. So let's back up, as I say, to the events prior to this point, this major turning point, to those which developed towards this. And I'm talking about the French years.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
And this is what came to pass later on, 1971, when the Pentagon Papers came out. And it was revealed that the United States... had already been deeply involved in Vietnam for the entire decade of the, you know, since Truman, really. Yeah. All part of his Truman Doctrine.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
It starts, for our purposes, with the Geneva Accords in 1954, which is because of the French defeat at the hands of the North Vietnamese, that famous battle, and they're forced to withdraw as a colonizing nation, leaving behind them, according to these accords, a divided Vietnam, North and South. That's what's called the 17th Parallel.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
November 1955, Eisenhower deploys Military Assistance Advisory Group. What a name. To train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Eisenhower. Now, he knows how to wage war. What an interesting tightrope to walk for this guy.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
I've always wondered how at this point he's being influenced by the Dulles Brothers. You know, this whole new Cold War mentality, which is about the CIA and these instruments of power that didn't exist during World War II.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
But that's about to change. Gestern haben die US-Helikopter die amerikanische Embassy auf Thuong Nhat Boulevard umgekehrt, auf dem Tower-Ruf zu landen, um so viele wie möglich zu versuchen und zu evakuieren. Aber so viele mehr wurden in den chaotischen Träumen hinterlassen, die auf den geschlossenen Komponenten dringen. Heute, sehr bald, werden die nordvietnamesischen Tanks in die Stadt rollen.
American History Hit
Vietnam War: Turning Points
Ja, er wusste, dass man eine sehr starke Position braucht, um in irgendeiner Art von Krieg zu kämpfen. Und wir hatten das sicherlich auch in der Zweiten Weltkrieg. Wir hatten es nicht, wie er es definiert hat, in den 50er-Jahren. In der Köln-Krieg war es mehr darum, ein System zu kämpfen, anstatt eines bestimmten Feindes. I'll be back with more American History after this short break.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
In wider scholarship, is it acknowledged that this gang of people who had done this, who were intellectuals, who were very smart people, were recognizing this was an economic necessity versus a moral one? I mean, were there thoughts to that effect, writing this constitution?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
But at this time, there are yet no front steps or legislative wings. Practically speaking, the space is too small even for its designed purpose. Never mind now, the Virginia General Assembly will be sharing the structure with the first Confederate States Congress, which will use the Senate Chamber to debate the ongoing dreadful issues of slavery, secession and war.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
It's both clarifying to understand that this was really discussed and really negotiated, but it's also incredibly depressing that smart people sat around and discussed this to such lengths and yet didn't come up with the most sensible issue, which is, you know, this is wrong. We can't do it anymore. But anyway. The initial structure is created as a one-year tryout period, am I right?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
But the idea was that there was no factions, right? They didn't want to have any kind of arguments between themselves. How unrealistic is that?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Born in 1808, son of a revolutionary war soldier, very important, these guys were second generations from the founders. Youngest of ten children, bunch of older brothers, goes to West Point thanks to one of those brothers in 1824. Ends up not doing too well at that place because of his kind of problem with authority, doesn't it?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Yes, that's the way to end up 23rd out of your class of 33. Let's not ignore the fact he's named Jefferson. I mean, this is no coincidence. You know, the family is proud of being among the founding class.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er wurde nach West Point, Michigan Forts, Crawford und Winnebago angemeldet. Er spielt eine kleine Rolle in der Blackhawk-Wiege. Er ist dann in 1835 ein Kottenplanter geworden, der versucht wurde, in der Subordination zu sein, für die er verabschiedet wurde. Er bekommt 800 Äcker, die er als Breyerfield-Plantation nennt. Und natürlich würden dort geschlossene Arbeiter sein. Er beginnt mit 23.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Greetings all, Don Wildman here and this is American History Hip. Welcome back. It's 1861. Steam now powers American industry and transportation as locomotives pull train cars to the Mississippi and just beyond. Ships can now be built to the enormous dimensions of the USS Kirsich. 200 feet bow to stern.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Endlich, bei 1860, wird er legal über 100 besitzen. Einer der wichtigsten Faktoren in seinem Leben ist, dass er eine große Rolle in der mexikanischen-amerikanischen Krieg spielt. Er ist wirklich da.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
The takeaway really is important, how deeply enmeshed Jefferson Davis was in the founding of America by his family story and then by the service to the nation through the military. I mean, he was really deep in. So it's so strangely ironic that this man should end up being the president of the Confederacy. It's a weird turn of events.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er heiratet, seine Frau stirbt früh danach und nach einem sehr kurzen Zeitraum heiratet er später wieder. zu einer 18 Jahre jüngeren Frau, 1845, das passiert. Er wird dann von dieser Kottenplanter-Karriere in der Politik involviert, lokal, dann regionell. Er hat die Wahl gegen die US-Haus der Repräsentanten in 1845 gewonnen, er hat den 29. Kongress gegründet.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er ist von Definition ein jacksonischer Demokrat, Opposition zur föderalen Macht, zur Nationalbank, er wählt nach Oregon, also da ist Manifest Destiny drin, He does fight that war with Mexico during this time he spends in Congress. He eventually leaves the army to become a U.S. Senator for Mississippi, 1847.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Becomes involved with the issue of Western expansion, which was everything to these guys at the time, wasn't it?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
For the last two decades, folks have been communicating by telegraph, but just three years ago, the first successful transatlantic cable was sent between Europe and North America. In medicine, ether and chloroform are now being used for patients under the knife, but germ theory is not yet widely accepted.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Ja, sicher. Es ist keine Überraschung, dass Jefferson Davis als Präsident wurde, als er auch, naja, er versteht diese westwächere Erweiterung von der Kämpfe in der mexikanischen-amerikanischen Krieg. Schau, was wir haben, du weißt, als Resultat dieses Krieges. Ein Drittel des Landes existiert jetzt im Westen. That's the future of America.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
And he's one of those first people who's really dealing with that viscerally. March 1853, he becomes Secretary of War in the Pierce administration. We're still before the Civil War here. And therefore he is now operating in the White House. He understands how that whole thing is set up. How is he eventually chosen to be the president? Where does he come from in that discussion?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
What was the committee of 13? What does that refer to?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Elijah Otis hat sein Brake-System für Elevatorien patentiert, um hohe Höhen zu machen, eine fähige Realität, während amerikanische Männer sehr starken Collars an ihren Schirmen verbinden und die am faszinierendsten Frauen in Hourglass-Dressen sind, die von Korsetten verabschiedet sind. All the rage. In der Mitte von allem ist Abraham Lincoln der neu inaugurierte Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Interesting. So Davis really gets elected, as you say, because he is a moderate. He really is very opposed to this, even as South Carolina withdraws, isn't he?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
But another American president has been inaugurated as well. But this one, down in the seditious South, in blatant rebellion against the nation he once fought for and served. Jefferson Davis, the first and only president of the seceded Confederate States of America. Who was this man? And how did he rise to power?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
How has this new American nation, the CSA, amputated itself from its former body politic to be ruled differently? But how differently will that really be? We have Professor Aaron Sheehan-Dean to explain it all today. He is the Fred C. Frey Professor of History and Department Chair at Louisiana State University. Go Tigers!
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
has authored and edited so many publications, but particular to our conversation today, a companion to the U.S. Civil War, as well as the Civil War, the final year told by those who lived it. Guten Tag, Professor Shandeen. Schön, dich wiederzubekommen. Du warst auf einem vorherigen Podcast von uns, also lange her. Ich war es.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
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American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Es ist schön, dich wiederzusehen und ich bin froh, heute wieder hier zu sein. Danke. Lass uns mit dem Prozess der Verabschiedung beginnen. Sehr basic stuff here. What happens in several phases through the late part of 1860 and into 1861. We have eventually 11 states seceding. I'll read the list.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
It's a distasteful idea to me anyway to consider, but it's interesting to think about the fact that this is only a wartime administration. Anyone who had high hopes for the CSA then or now would say it never had the chance to be a real governing thing. It was only a wartime thing.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
How did the public feel about Jefferson Davis?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina. It's the SEC basically. The border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware all declare their neutrality. Und das wird ein leckeres Balance-Akt für Lincoln sein, sie in der Union zu behalten. Am 20. Dezember 1860 kippt Süd-Karolina alles zuerst ab.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Ja, das ist eine gute Idee, die du mir gegeben hast, Davis zu Lincoln zu vergleichen und wie viel das die Grundlage für Erfolg oder Verlust für diese Seiten war.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Nach Gettysburg wird es wirklich die klassische Idee der Krieg der Attraktion werden. Lassen wir uns einfach lange genug halten, um ein paar favorable Termine des Zufriedenes zu haben. Ist das Davis' Ansicht? Ist er der Architekt dieser Strategie?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Okay. Also, wenn Dinge nach Süden gehen, keine Worte, für Davis und die anderen, wie viel ist er Teil der Entscheidung, die Lee macht, an Appomattox? Hat er das okay gemacht?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Und dann folgt der Prozess nach Fort Sumter im nächsten Frühjahr. Kannst du erklären, wie das passiert ist? Warum ist es so ein phasierter Prozess?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
He's arrested, he's put in leg irons, the whole thing. Indicted for treason, becomes imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe, Virginia, not right on the James River right there.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er wird parodiert, als würde er in Frauenschlägen weglaufen, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Richtig. Über die Zeit, diese zwei Jahre, mehr als drei Jahre, ist er immer freier, die Lande zu verändern. Er macht seinen Weg nach Kanada in 1867, er wurde auf Beil geliefert. Der Fall gegen ihn wurde offiziell am 25. Dezember geschlossen, Weihnachtszeit, 1868. Der Tod von Jefferson Davis ist wirklich der Anfang, wie wir dieses Land heilen. Es wird der verlorene Grund für die Konfederanz, etc.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er ist in diesem Bereich prominent, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
But why? I mean, don't you think, I mean, had there been a famous hanging of Jefferson Davis, wouldn't that have been the nail in the coffin for the CSA and all of that?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
He lives a good long life. He dies in 1889, Jefferson Davis.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
That's my last question for you. Did he atone for his sins, what I would view as sins?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Er hat das in den Graben genommen. Ja. Aaron, was ist es so, den Zivilkrieg im tiefen Süden zu lernen? Ist es anders als es in Mainz ist?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Aaron Sheehan-Dean is a professor at Louisiana State University, LSU. He edited A Companion to the U.S. Civil War and the Civil War, The Final Year Told by Those Who Live It, among many other things. Aaron, do you have a website that we should know about or anything like that? I do.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Thank you very much. You too. Thank you. Hey, thanks for listening to American History Hit. Don't miss an episode.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Sure. I mean... I guess it speaks to the internal strife within themselves, right? The politics are going on all the time about who wants to leave and who wants to stay.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Ja, es ist ein Baby mit einem Kühlschrank, ist es nicht? Ja. Und Virginia, so sagt man, ist die letzte, die im Frühling zurückkehrt. Natürlich. Das ist die Heimat der Federalistischen Partei. Das ist, wo es alles beginnt. George Washington.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
How outsized, to use the right word, is Texas in this whole process? I mean, is it an influential force yet?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
How much was it assumed by those who were pro secession that this would be a simple process, like they had the right to do this, so let's just go?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
They write a constitution and let's discuss that process. But I've always wondered, wasn't it basically just going to be the Articles of Confederation? Wasn't it just a throwback to what the United States was previously conceived as?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Virginia's State Capitol building is bursting at its seams. It's December 1861, and lawmakers and visitors press and jostle through crowded doorways, navigating the echoey stone halls in search of a quiet corner to prepare for meetings. Despite the chill outside, the central rotunda is sweltering. The air thick with the fetid odor of hundreds of bodies.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Es gibt also eine Konvention. Sie gehen durch einen Prozess des Schreibens dieser Sache. Es beginnt, glaube ich, am 8. Februar 1861, also ziemlich früh in diesem Prozess. Das ist das, was die anderen Staaten schauen, wenn sie entscheiden, ob sie Teil davon sein wollen.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Interesting. Es ist sehr ähnlich in diesem Bereich zu der US-Konstitution. Ist es die Konstitution der Konfederaten Staaten von Amerika genannt? Ist das der Name davon?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Also drei Branche der Regierung, genau wie die US-Konstitution. Der Präsident arbeitet sechs Jahre lang, nicht vier, und ich glaube, er ist nicht zur Rückwahl verfügbar? Es ist ein einziger Termin? Es ist ein einziger Termin. Interessant.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Die Idee ist generell, die Staatsautonomie zu bemerken. Ist das wirklich in dieser Konstitution geschrieben worden?
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
Not to mention the greasy aromas of cooked poultry, peanuts and hard-boiled eggs, available from food stands. Chicken bones crackle underfoot in a slick residue of tobacco spit, all of it creating a dicey walking hazard. Back in 1785 Thomas Jefferson designed this grand building for Richmond's Capitol Square, modeling it after classical Roman temples.
American History Hit
The Confederacy: Who Was Jefferson Davis?
How do they define slavery in terms of, is it the three-fifths compromise?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
So let me be clear, let me summarize. This corporation has organized itself for departure at the end of 1606. They understand that they are looking for this North Earth passage, but they're going to be happy if they create a colony that finds gold, ideally silver, of course, but also, you know, farms things and sends it back to England, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Die Flieger auf der Godspeed und der Discovery schütteln angenehme Augen auf die Susan Constant, ein Schiff zweimal der Größe ihres eigenen. Aber zusammen, in nur ein paar Tagen, werden diese Schiffe westwärts aufsteigen, in das Unbekannte, über den breiten Atlantik. Blackwall, der größte Schiffshall von Thames, ist erwacht. Lokale Männer gehen zu ihren Häusern nahe und gehen nach den Docks.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ja, und es war nicht zu lange her, dass Roanoke nicht gut ging. Korrekt. Wie viele Jahre zwischen dem und Roanoke?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Okay, aber das ist jetzt eine Fable in den Straßen von London. Das war ein großer Geheimnis, wie das sogar passiert ist. Und alle Geschichten sind nicht gut in Bezug auf den Erfolg an diesem Punkt. Richtig.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Also müssen sie zuerst nach den Karibikern gehen und dann nach Norden. Das ist das generelle... Sie werden gezwungen, richtig. Ja, genau. Gehen sie nach dem, was am Ende den James-River genannt wird?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Klar, ich meine, und das ist wichtig. Du hast Spanien nicht zu weit weg. Also müssen sie sich für einen Angriff vorbereiten.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
And this is how they end up 50 miles up the river. Correct. And find what is essentially a peninsula or an island.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Andere, die langgezogen sind, schütteln aus den Innen. Alle von ihnen sind Voyager, die auf dem Weg zum Schiff warten, die sich um die beschäftigten Wälder und Alleyways kümmern. Es ist alles ein langer Schreie von den langen, seltenen Monaten vor ihnen. 100 Männer, die sehr bald nur das Ozean und einander für die Firma haben.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
So, to review, we've got 104 settlers coming in, they arrive, all these people are men, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Bring the women later. Too dangerous. I suppose they've all been interviewed and they're all useful employees of the company.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Hat this been a horrendous voyage? I mean, this always just boggles the mind to think of these people heading off for their first time on the ocean, never mind crossing it, something I will never do in my lifetime. It's just astonishing.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Und in diesen Tagen, du bist ein kleiner Schiff auf einem großen Ozean, du gehst manchmal nach hinten, manchmal nach links. Ich meine, die Route zu finden ist eine verwirrende und schwierige Sache. Das ist der Grund, warum es so lange dauert. Und so kann man sich nur von Tag zu Tag vorstellen, wie viel Argument es gab, du weißt, worum es geht. Are we?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Let alone is our food going to last and my child is sick or whoever. So the mutiny happens in the middle of the ocean?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
So, Mark, were journals kept on this voyage? Do we know the details of their experience?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
So they arrive somehow, someway, April 26, 1607. A holy day for these people, I'm sure, when they somehow find their way pretty close, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Welcome to American History Hit, I'm Don Wildman and it's great to have you aboard. 1606, London. King James VI of Scotland, the first of England and Ireland, sits on the throne. It is the year the Dutch master Rembrandt is born. Fashion favors high waistlines, full sleeves and tall brimmed hats for both men and women.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ein großer Erleichterung für diesen Mann. Sie landen endlich auf dem, was James Town werden wird, der Insel, am 14. Mai 1607. Wie wir gesagt haben, nach der Suche nach dem Meer, um für all die Kriterien da zu qualifizieren. An diesem Punkt sind wir auf dem Weg zu einer erfolgreichen Kolonie. Alles einfach, oder?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
You can only imagine. I mean, that's another thing to sort of take yourself out of your modern day view and realize at that time these lands have not been forested. These are gigantic trees. These are old primeval forests and beautiful, incredible wild lands for people who had come from a place that had been completely forested. Like there was none of that going on in England for a thousand years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
And so this is really important to keep in mind how awestruck they would have been. Explain when they first get off that ship. Wie werden sie die Aufgabe in Hand nehmen? Wir müssen hier ein Zuhause machen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Genau. Für das, dass sie, in ihren Gedanken, glücklicherweise einen Ort entschieden haben, wo die Naturals, wie Sie sie nennen, die nativische Population nicht existiert. Boah, ist es immer. Und es ist nicht sehr weit weg und sie schauen. Vielen Dank, Mark. Mark Summers ist der berufliche Direktor der Jugend- und öffentlichen Programme für Jamestown Rediscovery.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Es ist ein gigantischer Tag, wenn man da einen Tag verbracht hat, weil es so viel zu sehen gibt in diesem Ort, nicht wahr?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Shakespeare's Macbeth will premiere this year and later on December 26th, King Lear will make its recorded debut at Whitehall Palace. In April of this year, the Virginia Company receives its charter to colonize a portion of North America's eastern coast. By this time, of course, the Spanish have already established their presence to the south for a hundred years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
The Portuguese have made landings in what will become Canada and across South America. The British, too, have ventured across the Atlantic to Newfoundland and the ill-fated colony of Roanoke off the coast of today's North Carolina. Now they will attempt colonization once again, but this time determined to make it stick.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
I am joined in this episode by Mark Summers, Educational Director of Youth and Public Programs from Jamestown Rediscovery. Together we will travel to London to uncover the story behind this expedition, who backed it, who boarded the ships, and why Jamestown, this specific spot on the North American eastern shore, was chosen. Mark Summers, willkommen bei American History Hit.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ich bin froh, hier zu sein. Ich genieße deinen Show. Mark, wo wir in diesem Gespräch über Jamestown anfangen, ist wirklich in England und in einem breiteren Sinne in Europa. Das ist das Ende der Zeit der Erfindung. Ich meine, du hast Spanien in Südamerika, Portugal ist da gewesen, sogar die Deutschen machen ihre eigenen Beginnungen. Warum ist England so weit weg an diesem Punkt in diesem Wachstum?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Yeah, they are heading for bad times. Civil war and all the rest is going on over there. Nonetheless, they are prompted to do this. For what reason? What does get them into the race?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ja, ich meine, wir denken an die Kolonisierung auf dieser Seite als diese wirklich gläubige, reichere Sache, weil wir hierher gekommen sind, um die Pilger und alles andere zu tun. Aber es war ein großzügiger, monatelöser Versuch. Ich meine, das waren Unternehmen, die geformt wurden. in order to exploit resources in these new lands, this new world, especially gold for the Spanish.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
And that word had gotten around, obviously. This was an amazing thing that Spain had accomplished by doing what they did in South America. England wants their piece of the action.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Right. What is the Virginia Company? Because that's who's going to be heading over to Virginia. Yeah.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Right. And let's get the notes of the monarchy straight. So we had Queen Elizabeth. She is succeeded by James I, who is also James VI of Scotland, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Richtig. Und Spoiler-Alert, es wird für diesen Grund Jamestown genannt. Richtig.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Und an dem Zeitpunkt, natürlich, haben wir Florida, die zu den Spaniern gehört, wir haben die Spanier großartig, weiter nach Süden von dort. Die Franzosen sind nach Norden. Wie ist es, dass dieser große Teil des oberen Seelands Nordamerikas für Kolonisierung verfügbar ist?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Okay. Und das ist, weshalb ich investiere. Ich erwarte, dass ich Gold und Silber bekomme, oder zumindest die Bezahlungen dafür.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ja, genau. Sehr, sehr, sehr schluck. Und wie machen sie die Knöpfe und Bolzen dieser Sache? Wie finden sie die Flieger und all das?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Drei Schiffe sitzen in den Wäldern von Blackwall Docks in London ohne Bewegung. Schildert von den feuchten Winden des Thames durch den Horseshoe Bend in diesem Streit des Rivers, sind die Schiffe völlig still, in Wäldern, die von einem gewöhnlichen winterlichen Schleif spattern.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Obviously, their water route to the Pacific is the essential goal here, right?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Richtig. Und es macht Sinn. Wir schlagen unsere Augen und machen Spaß auf diese Leute, die es für Indien und alles andere falsch machen. Aber wenn man die Chesapeake Bay sieht, ist es ein riesiges Stück Wasser, auch heute. Und man kann sich nur vorstellen, dass jemand in einem dieser kleinen Schiffe sailt und sagt, okay, gut, das ist der Weg nach Indien. Es ist hier.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Und es ist kein Wunder, dass sie so weggehen würden. Wer wird diese Schiffe kapitänieren?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ein sehr mysteriöser Mann. Gehen sie immer in Dreien, diese berühmten Voyages?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Alle Reflexionen, die sonst auf den Strömungen schimmern, sind nur gebrochene Schatten auf dem dunklen, dapfelnden Wasser. Es ist morgens, im Dezember 1606. Die Crews von der Susan Constant, der Godspeed und der Discovery bereiten ihre Schiffe bereit, um an der Bord zu fahren.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Ja, und ich bin sicher, wie viele Supplies sie brauchen, etc. etc. I'll be right back after this short break. Meantime, if you'd like us to cover anything specifically, if you have any ideas of subject matter we should be looking at, send us an email at ahh.historyhit.com. We'd love to hear from you.
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
So, I want to get a little nautically in the weeds here. How did they choose the time of year to go? How much strategy did they understand about what they were doing?
American History Hit
Jamestown: The Journey To America
Interessant. Und sie hätten Ads für das gesehen, auf der breiten Seite? Ich meine, wie ist das überhaupt?