For decades, dollars have been the world's common financial language. Central banks everywhere hold dollars as a way to safely store their wealth. Countries, businesses, and people use it to trade; around 90% of all foreign exchange transactions involve dollars. It's the world's money, the world's "reserve currency."But what if that is changing? What if the world stops seeing the dollar as safe? Today on the show, what is a "reserve currency"? Why is it the dollar? And if the dollar falls from favor, what will replace it?This episode of Planet Money was produced by Emma Peaslee with help from James Sneed. It was edited by Marianne McCune with fact checking help from Sierra Juarez. It was engineered by Kwesi Lee. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer. The Dollar Trap by Eswar PrasadExorbitant Privilege by Barry EichengreenOur Dollar. Your Problem by Ken RogoffFind more Planet Money: Facebook / Instagram / TikTok / Our weekly Newsletter.Listen free at these links: Apple Podcasts, Spotify, the NPR app or anywhere you get podcasts.Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.Music: NPR Source Audio - "Virtual Machine," "Fake Blood" and "Successful Secrets"Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoicesNPR Privacy Policy
What is a reserve currency?
So this is something we're going to keep covering over the next few months, an occasional series. Let's call it Pax Americana, about that post-war balance that had put the U.S. at the center of the economic solar system and how that might be changing.
Today in the show, a story about a potentially interesting question. Is the US dollar's reign ending? If so, what will replace it? And what does that mean for the yous and mees around the world?
So a reserve currency is one that countries around the world hold in reserve in the vaults of their central banks and in bank accounts of their central banks. They can hold any currency or they can hold some of this and some of that. The idea is they need to keep their trillions of money somewhere safe to store value until the day when they need to spend it.
And they store other countries money because they have a lot of their own and their own currencies are not always that stable. Having other currencies gives them a buffer.
One way a central bank stores another currency is by buying that country's debt. Because for all intents and purposes, if you're holding U.S. treasuries, you're holding dollars. Same for Japanese government debt. You're holding Japanese yen, etc.
And there's one currency that central banks store more than any other currency. The U.S. dollar. To understand why, we called Ishwar Prasad, a professor at Cornell University.
Thank you for joining me today.
Of course, I'm glad the timing worked out. And this is one of my pet subjects, so it's good.
Currencies are his thing. Because Ishwar spent 17 years at the International Monetary Fund, which lends dollars to developing economies. So a lot of his life has been watching dollars flow all around the world. And he has seen the dollar's dominance on a more micro level. Like sometimes when he's been traveling, he has found himself without the local currency.
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