Josh Hammer
Appearances
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Andrew, I'm doing great, my friend. You know, it is morning in America, as a famous man once said about four and a half decades ago, and it's really great to be back on The Charlie Kirk Show with you, my good friend, Andrew Colvin.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
and you let me first say that the fact that the enemy is slayed at least for the time being i agree does not necessarily mean that it will not one day god forbid possibly rise like a phoenix from the ashes to create more chaos and mayhem and to sow the seeds of discourse uh here in america so while i am definitely celebrating i agree that we should not rest on our laurels it is definitely time to keep the momentum going
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
But the reason that I picked this very fun title, I'm glad you agree with me, I thought it was a very fun title as well, is that what we've seen thus far in the opening week or so of this second Donald Trump administration is the most transformative cultural paradigm shifting moment that I think we've seen probably in our lifetimes. And basically in the column, Andrew, I take a step back.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Barack Obama declared war on America. He declared war on America and instituted our modern American civil war, our cold civil, roiling cold civil war. This happened because Barack Obama basically said that he was doing it. He famously said in February 2008 that he sought to fundamentally transform America and one does not seek to fundamentally transform that which he loves or seeks to conserve.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And we saw this time and time again throughout the Obama presidency, whether it came to Obamacare, the largest entitlement since Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, when it came to the issue of beating up on cops, of exacerbating racial relations, of having Eric Holder, his attorney general, use so-called disparate impact theory.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
That was kind of the predecessor to Ibram X. Kendi and anti-racism, whether it was all the foreign policy nonsense with the Iran deal. Barack Obama tried time and time again to declare war on the half America that he infamously called bitter clingers. that Hillary Clinton in 2016 referred to as deplorables.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And that civil war was stopped for four years by the Donald Trump administration, or at least three and a half years or so, until George Floyd met Derek Chauvin in Minneapolis, Minnesota. And we all saw what happened from there, the riots of the summer of 2020 in there. And then we got peak woke.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
The past four years prior to Donald Trump getting back in the Oval Office, the Joe Biden presidency, this was peak woke, Andrew, peak woke. He literally chose a vice president of the United States, Kamala Harris, because she was a quote unquote woman of color.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
He literally chose his one justice on the United States Supreme Court, Katonji Brown Jackson, because she is a quote unquote woman of color.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Time and time again, as folks like Chris Ruffo have reported, they weaponized all of the various instrumentalities of the American administrative state and executive branch to implement so-called DEI, to overtly discriminate against white people, against Christians, Jews, Asians, in favor of blacks, Hispanics, and so forth there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And just basically everything that we saw over the past four years, this was the moment that woke reached, I think, its apotheosis. It's been slayed. It's been slayed because Donald Trump, Andrew, adopted a mentality to go back to the morning in America line that I was saying a few minutes ago. He adopted an old Reaganite mantra.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And what Ronald Reagan famously said when he was asked for his approach to the Cold War, and he came into power in 1980, coming off the 1970s. You had differing opinions in the 1970s. There was Henry Kissinger in Dayton. There was kind of the Cold War hawks back then. Ronald Reagan famously said that his approach to the Cold War, we win and they lose.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
People said that he was crazy, that he was a cowboy, he was a warmonger. But that mentality, Andrew, helped win the Cold War. I think Donald Trump has taken that exact same mentality to his second term in office. And I'm not entirely sure what the exact moment was that galvanized him to adopt this Reaganite mantra.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
I suspect it was probably around the time that Joe Biden, Merrick Garland, and so-called special counsel Jack Smith Start to incarcerate him, to prosecute him, try to throw him in jail, bankrupt him, ruin him of all his possessions, basically deprive him of his liberty and his livelihood.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Maybe it was around the time that Thomas Matthew Crooks in Butler, Pennsylvania, came within millimeters of assassinating him before a global television audience. But at some point, at some point, Donald Trump had kind of his Clarence Thomas 1991 Anita Hill moment where he looked at all this radicalization around him and said, you know what? This is enough. I am over this. And you know what?
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
To quote Barack Obama, get me my freaking pen, get me my freaking phone, because this crap ain't gonna fly anymore come day one. And that was what we saw last week, Andrew. We saw all these executive orders. I mean, the DEI executive order alone, just focusing on that one executive order, and there's been so many amazing ones, it's hard to know even where to start.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
There's been the gender ideology, birthright citizenship. It's amazing stuff coming out of this White House. But just the DEI executive order It doesn't just get rid of DEI in the executive branch. It actually goes way past that.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
It instructs the attorney general and the secretary of education, the whole cabinet, to enforce Title VI and to interpret the Supreme Court's affirmative action case, Students for Fair Emissions, so as to effectively ban DEI in any taxpayer support institution in America. This is the kind of stuff that wins culture wars overnight. So again – Let's not rest on our laurels.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
I understand, like, you know, constant vigilance, and let's keep our foot on the gas pedal and keep on plowing full speed ahead. But for now, for now, what we have seen is the stuff of legends, frankly.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
It kind of reminds me, as I said in the column, I remember when I was a kid learning about how the English took over what was then called New Amsterdam, and then they renamed it New York City from Peter Stuyvesant to the Dutch in the 1600s. They famously took it over without firing a single shot because Because it was just a pure, unmitigated demonstration of force.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And the enemy yielded at that demonstration of force. That's very much how I view what happened over this past week.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
I absolutely do. I think I think that J.D. Vance is vice president. United States is kind of the natural heir to the throne. And we'll obviously have that debate, I presume, in the year 2028. But God willing, the next four years will go well. And and J.D., who is literally only 40 years old, is kind of a logical successor there. And that's part of the reasons that Donald Trump tapped J.D.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Vance in the first place. Right. And because he's making a long-term play here. I mean, look at his cabinet picks. I mean, you mentioned Pete Hegseth. Pete Hegseth is, what, 44, 45 years old? I mean, so many of these cabinet picks are very, very young people. This is a movement, Andrew.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And what's so fascinating is that MAGA, America First, just being on the right of center right now in America, more generally speaking, This is cool. I mean, this is kind of the anti-establishment mentality, the same way that Barack Obama was considered irreverent back in the 1960s, all the quote-unquote self-professed cool kids were burning down college canvases, the Vietnam War, all that stuff.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
MAGA is basically that today. I mean, this is kind of the middle finger to the establishment. The Democratic Party is a rotting carcass. It is filled with octogenarians, septuagenarians, people who are literally two to three decades past their prime. Joe Biden is obviously a perfect encapsulation of that there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And the Republican Party is filled with young up-and-coming people who have an inherent love of their country there. And that's being reflected in the popular culture. Look at all the people in these NFL playoffs and the college football playoffs who are doing the Trump dance in the end zone after getting a touchdown. Carrie Underwood going acapella at the inaugural address there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Just so many cultural moments. And these big tech oligarchs. I mean, just on and on.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Well, first of all, Andrew, I'm pretty sure they did do exactly that which you said they did, which is that they cropped out this photo, they edited it, they photoshopped it to make it look just more monolithically white than it is there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
But, you know, I think a normal American looks at this photo, whether it's been photoshopped or cropped or edited or not, and says, oh, wow, these are a bunch of, like, pretty Good looking young people having a great time. They're dressed nicely there. They're clanking their glasses. They're saying cheers there. I'm sorry. I'm not seeing anything wrong with this picture, Andrew.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
I'm simply just not seeing anything. And I think what kind of the broader point is getting at here, this is a point that I've made actually for a few years now. I think this is part of the left's war on fun. I actually literally call it the war on fun.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Whether it's trying to call you a scold for driving a gas-guzzling pickup truck or an SUV, whether they're calling you a bad person for wanting to have numerous kids, that whole be fruitful and multiply thing right there from the book of Genesis. God forbid you actually take God at his word and have –
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
three four five you know god knows how many children who are going to consume oxygen and spit out carbon dioxide you know you're very you're a very very bad person like they they definitely hate that andrew you know god forbid you actually teach your children about religion about the bible about the things that actually built this country about the founding fathers about the constitutional convention you can't have any of that either there i mean the left has become just these pearl clutching bunch of overtly faux moralistic prima donnas that's basically what they become there
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And they hate looking at anyone who is more successful than them. That obviously gets back to kind of the roots of socialism and Marxism is this whole idea of envy and class envy and individual envy. That's definitely part of this as well there. But they're just fundamentally just a bunch of just of ragtag.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
And frankly, Andrew, if I'm just being very blunt for a second here, you know, I was looking at this at this rally on the eve of the inauguration, the left wing rally there with kind of those pink hats, whatever the women's marched off there on the National Mall, a bunch of ugly people.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
I mean, I'm probably gonna get in trouble for saying that there, but like, these are just typically, obviously they're exceptions, but a bunch of like very ugly people, honestly.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Well, you're totally right to take it back to 2008. I mean, that's where I started my cold civil wars over op-ed too, because it does go back to Barack Obama and his 2008 campaign. Andrew, if the left is going to have any chance of recovering, and thank God it's not my problem. I'm a man of the right, obviously.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
But if the left is going to have any chance of recovering here, Andrew, they have to disavow the entirety of the Barack Obama legacy and his post-presidential legacy. They need to go back to the old Democratic Party of Bill Clinton and his predecessors who, whatever their flaws were, they were focused on bread and butter issues, not this woke rep.
The Charlie Kirk Show
A Pause on Spending, A Rush on Deporting
Maybe Charlie Kirk is on the college campus.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But before they got Nasrallah, they knocked off two individuals who I like to mention. One guy named Fuad Shakur, the other named Ibrahim Akil. Why do I mention these two guys by name? They were the ones who were responsible for the 1983 Beirut-Lebanon bombings of the U.S. Marine barracks and the U.S. embassy. In fact, the U.S.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
State Department had a $5 and $7 million bounty on those two jihadis' head for over four decades until Israel literally did the job for us there. So this notion that America does not in any way benefit here, this notion that we don't have the same enemies, it's ludicrous. We have exactly the same enemies there. And this is frankly a realist way
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
to focus our resources on the Far East while essentially securing our interests in the region. So it's a perfect fit for a foreign policy realism. This notion that Israel is kind of this antiquated Bush administration neoconservative issue, it's total nonsense. Frankly, actually, a lot of the neocons aren't actually even particularly stalwart supporters.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
of the state of Israel there because they're obsessed with the idea of nation building. They're obsessed with the idea of trying to democratize, and they oftentimes get too involved in trying to carve out a brand-new Palestinian Arab state and all the same failed experiments that ultimately met their ruination in Baghdad, Iraq, and so forth there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
So it's actually the neoconservatives, frankly, who are oftentimes not great supporters there. I happen to think that U.S.-Israel relations are – a perfect fit for a foreign policy realist, MAGA, America first paradigm approach there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But the broader book, and pardon my filibuster there, but the broader book, Andrew, is making this fundamental case that Jews and Christians also have to be lockstep, arms to arms, linking arms, shoulder to shoulder here. We say the Western civilization is at a crossroads. We're at an inflection point. And I totally agree with that. But I'm also a lawyer, Andrew, and I like to define terms.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
What is the West? Well, I mean, you know, we kind of sort of know, you know, it's Jerusalem, it's Athens there. But to me, when we say the West, we're really talking above all about the Bible. We're talking above all about the Judeo-Christian heritage. I argue going back all the way to God's revelation to Moses and the Israelites at Mount Sinai, so much of what we take for granted today
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
in our constitutional structure, in our day-to-day lives, in our law, in our morals, in our ethics there. It all goes back actually to what we Jews call the Torah, what Christians call the Old Testament. So much of it is in there. And I really painstakingly kind of explain this in the chapters and all throughout there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But the point, Andrew, is that unless we in the West, Jews and Christians, shoulder to shoulder, linking arms in lockstep accord here, Unless we double down on our biblical heritage, I do not think that we are going to be adequately equipped to push back against the three hegemonic forces that seek to destroy us, which I identify as wokeism, Islamism, and global neoliberalism.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
You have to stand for something. Values neutrality is never an option. You want to defeat the wokes, defeat the radicalismists, you got to stand for something. That's something, Andrew. That's something is the Bible.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Yeah, look, I'll give you just one example that really kind of drives this point home. So I was giving a talk in Washington, D.C. this past summer to a generally younger audience. I kind of noticed this guy who was dressed a little funny standing in the back, who was like, you know, very vigorously nodding along to what I had to say. So he approaches me afterwards. He's from Iran.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
He grew up in Tehran there. And he told me that... Growing up in his K-12 and his education there, their equivalent of saying the Pledge of Allegiance every day, like we in the United States do, their equivalent in Iran is they basically say, I solemnly vow to do all that I can to help destroy the little Satan of Israel and the great Satan of America. They actually believe this stuff.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I remember, Josh, go ahead. No, I'm just saying, I mean, like, they actually genuinely believe this stuff. I mean, like, they really are out to get all of us. Hamas, Houthis, Hezbollah, they're not hiding it, Andrew, at all. No, I totally agree.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Great question. Lots to unpack on that, actually. So you're totally right. If you look at foreign countries' approval ratings of the United States, the state of Israel, Israelis as a whole, have an extraordinarily high approval rating of the United States, certainly of President Trump. President Trump as you can imagine, because he's so pro-Israel, is a wildly, wildly popular figure in Israel.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
They literally named a town after him, Andrew, called Trump Heights in the Golan Heights. I know because I've been there, because I've literally, during Biden, took a photo of it just for the memories there. He's an extraordinarily popular figure there. Here in the United States, it's complicated for a few reasons. There is, I guess I'll explain it this way. The
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
The problem, Andrew, you're a Christian. Politics is very often downstream of religion. And when you have a strong biblically-based worldview, you're more likely than not going to end up with a conservative political worldview. That is why evangelical Christians, traditionalist Catholics, Orthodox Jews – I mean Orthodox Jews – But vote for Trump at like an 80-20, 85-15 rate.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I mean, so-called ultra-Orthodox Jews, a.k.a. Haredi Jews, it's really like 95 to 5. I mean, it's beyond overwhelming margins.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I mean, I'm religious. I go to Orthodox services there. The notion that you would find essentially anyone here where I go to synagogue in South Florida, you'll be hard pressed to find virtually anyone who voted for Kamala Harris. It's totally not a thing, honestly.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
The problem is that demographically across the United States there, tragically, most Jews, the statistical majority of them are not Orthodox, are not religious there, do not observe all the various commandments of Jewish law there. And it's because of the secularization of large swaths of American Jewry, of the American Jewish people. That is why so many of them vote for left.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
So one of the audiences for my book, Andrew, I mean, I have a lot of audiences here. I really want to reach young Christians. I want Christians to fall in love with the Bible, with the Old Testament again, with everything from Genesis through Psalms and Proverbs and all that. All that's in there there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But I also have a special message to my fellow Jews as well, because I actually grew up quite secular. I have not become religious until the past few years or so there. And part of my message is actually like I did it. You can do it too. I mean, you know, the Jews are called to be a light unto the nations in the book of Isaiah there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
And the way that we are called to be a light unto the nations is to actually lead by trying to be holy, by trying to be moral, by actually observing God's law, the law of Moses and so forth there. So we have a very unique role to play in the kind of the grand scheme of things there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
And I really make an, and at times probably aggressive borderline acerbic argument to my more secular inclined Jewish brethren, basically saying like, you guys really ought to strongly consider doing this for real the same way that I made a conscientious decision at some point that I was going to start doing it for real as well here.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
So God willing, as the religious demographics here in the United States change, the political results will change too. The good news, Andrew, is that statistically the demographics are on the side of Orthodox Jews because Orthodox Jews are actually marrying fellow Jews. They're having a lot of children. They're having large families. Reform Jews are typically marrying out.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
They're not really having children because they're just secular like other secular.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
All right. So I finished drafting the book, Andrew, this past October. So before the 2024 election, I mean, well before Donald Trump shocked the world with his comments about how the U.S. will take over Gaza. So none of that is addressed in the book.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I do talk in the book certainly about the need to finish the job against Hamas, a U.S.-recognized foreign terrorist organization, an organization that slaughtered and raped and beheaded and took hostage many American citizens as well, by the way. It's funny, Andrew. There are some people who kind of pump their chest and say, America first, not my problem there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But Americans were literally slaughtered. Americans were literally taken hostage. I mean, October 7th, even on its own America terms, was the single largest American hostage crisis since Tehran in 1979 under President Jimmy Carter there. So So Hamas has to go.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
And the question right now is frankly whether or not Prime Minister Netanyahu gets the message and acts on it because President Trump admirably has been crystal clear. He has been above and beyond. Do what you have to do. There will be hell to pay and this and this there. So the question frankly is really what Israel will do. The ball is frankly in Israel's court when it comes to eradicating Hamas.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
In terms of what the actual future and the long-term settlement of Gaza ought to be, Look, Andrew, in my heart of hearts, I would prefer that Israel take it over. I'm not enamored with the idea of the United States having a permanent presence there, frankly. It's not my instinct because I'm not an imperialist. I'm a nationalist.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I fundamentally get a little skittish when it comes to the idea of America just kind of having an ever-increasing global footprint around the world. I'm open to the idea. I'm not totally opposed to it. I would like to hear a little more details as to exactly what President Trump has in mind. He obviously is an outside-the-box thinker, and I'm very open and willing to being persuaded here.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
In my heart of hearts, I do think it's best, in theory, if Israel takes it over. But unfortunately, Andrew, something does have to happen to the Arabs there in order for Israel to take it over there. And that's kind of where this other part of Donald Trump's plan comes in there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
You got to try to put massive sticks and carrots diplomacy on Jordan, on Egypt, and trying to get them to bring in lots of these Arabs there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I think pragmatically, realistically, the most likely thing that's going to happen in Gaza, if we interpret Donald Trump's stance as an opening bid, the most likely stance, Andrew, is probably you'll have the Saudis, the Emiratis, the Bahrainis, these various other wealthy Sunni Arab states that go in with some sort of consortium. These are very wealthy countries.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
They can build up the infrastructure fairly closely there. The U.S. will be involved in some capacity to make sure these Arabs are not putting in a bunch of, you know, crypto jihadis to basically make Hamas rise again there. But that's my guess as to as to what it actually looks like. Fair enough.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Sure. So the notion that Israel is an illegal occupier, Andrew, is just legally incorrect. And I guess I will just take 30 to 60 seconds to explain the international law here. So the international law is basically as follows. So the modern Middle East is carved up after World War I. That's when you get – The British mandate for Palestine, the British mandate for Palestine consisted of two parts.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
You had the mandate for for the Emirates of Transjordan that became Jordan. Then you had mandatory Palestine. That was the land of Israel. And the mandate for Palestine actually included Judea and Samaria, a.k.a. the West Bank. as well as Gaza. This was actually the original two-state solution.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
So quite literally, anyone who's literate with history could tell you that Jordan, about 100 years ago, was actually the so-called Palestinian state. So what happened then was, in 1948, Israeli War of Independence happens. And the Jews had previously accepted a smaller two-state solution. The Arabs had rejected it. They decided to invade Israel the next day.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
You have a series of temporary armistice lines there. These are not final assembly lines. These are armistice lines. And yes, it's true that J.N. Samaria was not part of that, but it was simply an armistice. So there was no final settlement. And under an international law principle known as uti posiditis juris, it is a commonly accepted international law maxim.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
This is how it works with the breakup of Yugoslavia. This is how it works in many African countries. When a new sovereign state is formed, it actually assumes the inherited borders of the previous existing sovereign entity in that particular sliver of the world. So when Israel was founded in May of 1948, it actually assumed the full borders of mandatory Palestine, a.k.a. included Israel.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Judea and Samaria and Gaza. So there's no illegal occupation going on here under international law. Your political mileage may vary. It's what you think is the best solution. But the best solution, again, from an American national interest, emotionally detached perspective, is to embolden our ally. Because our allies want who's taken out our enemies.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
They're the ones who are hunting down the jihadis. They're trying to kill us both. What is in the American national interest of trying to carve out yet another Muslim terrorist state, let alone one in the heart of the Holy Land that could, God forbid, have custody over Jewish and Christian holy sites? It's absolutely nuts. It makes no sense whatsoever.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
There is no, no, no American national interest in that. Zero, zero, zero. So they're not an occupier under international law. There is no compelling political case whatsoever to carve out yet another state. Donald Trump, to his great credit, totally understands this, Andrew.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Maybe Charlie Kirk is on the college campus.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
Andrew, I really appreciate that. It is a lot of work. It's a kind of thing that I said I wanted to do for years. It took me a lot of time to finally kind of get my butt and start moving towards the finish line there. But once it started, it was kind of just free flowing. It was a lot of fun to write this book. And God willing, Andrew, it's going to be successful.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
It's actually number three on Amazon.com right now for literally all the books. So it's off to a very strong start, actually. So we'll see where it is at this time next week or so, but we're off to a great start.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
All right. So let me let me take the foreign policy part first, and then we'll kind of go back to the latter part there. So the foreign policy parts and I'm really happy that we're talking here on the show because, you know, Charlie's amazing audience is exactly who I want to understand this message here. We're talking about foreign policy realism. I like you, Andrew.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
I'm a MAGA America First foreign policy realist. I have been criticizing neoconservatives for longer than I think most people have even known what the word neoconservative means here. I am a genuine national interest foreign policy realist who views every single foreign policy issue around the world through a essentially fairly singular lens.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
as to whether or not involvement in this sphere redounds to the American national interest. I actually have an entire chapter in this book making the MAGA America First foreign policy realist case for close-knit U.S.-Israel relations. Frankly, it's not a particularly difficult case to make because Donald Trump literally did it over the entire course of his first term, his entire first term.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
was just one grand extensive example as to the realist MAGA America First case for U.S.-Israel relations. The basic case, Andrew, looks something like this. If you're an America First person, if you think that America has dwindling resources on the national stage there, then you have to understand that our number one threat this century actually comes from China. That should be fairly clear.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
America's civilizational challenge in the 21st century comes from the Chinese Communist Party. And accordingly, we absolutely do have to reprioritize resources towards the Indo-Pacific. The relevant question, Andrew, is... How do we do that while simultaneously safeguarding our interests in the region?
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
You saw Donald Trump just this weekend, actually, in his lengthy post on Truth Social, talk about, for instance, the importance of the Red Sea, which is a core international waterway here. And he says that America should start bombing the crap basically out of the Houthis there. I'm happy he's doing that.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
But the point is that America is always going to have various interests in this particular part of the world when it comes to oil and natural gas, when it comes to radical Islamic jihad. We just saw the Bourbon Street massacre, tragically, on New Year's Day just two and a half months ago.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
So the question then, the question, Andrew, is how can we make sure that America's interests are secured in the Middle East while simultaneously allowing us to – ourselves prioritize on the Indo-Pacific. And the solution is to embolden our like-minded allies in the region to patrol this region essentially on our behalf. That was the whole purpose of the Abraham Accords.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
That's why I mentioned the Trump foreign policy from the first term, this idea. that you will embolden Israel, that you will strengthen U.S.-Israel ties, bring Israel into these peace accords with, in that case, the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan, and then essentially pass them the baton and say, okay, you know, you guys do your thing because your enemies are our enemies there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
When you're knocking off this jihadist or that jihadist, you're basically doing both of us a favor there. And last year, there were actually some very important concrete examples of this. This is actually in chapter six of my book there. So for instance,
The Charlie Kirk Show
Are Biden's Autopen Pardons Null and Void?
There were a few months, Andrew, last year where Israel kind of went on this Michael Corleone kind of godfather-esque, you know, revenge killing spree. And among the leading jihadists that they killed there, they basically took off the entirety of the Hezbollah leadership up to and including Hassan Nasrallah, the longstanding leader itself.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Hi there. The pole's a little jacked.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Anyway, nice to meet you, Mr. Kirk. My name's Josh. Actually, it's fitting that you ended on that with the last guy because I had a question about gender myself. I was curious. I'm not that politically engaged. You know, I hear a lot from both sides about what is a woman this, what is a woman that.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
And, you know, I've heard you before say, you know, when someone asks you what a woman is, you said adult human female.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Right. So my question is, so you think a woman is someone with XX chromosomes, correct? Correct.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
And you would define a female as somebody with XX chromosomes?
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Yeah, I'm talking about females in general. That's my apology. Female, not woman. Okay, so my question is are you aware of – Intersex? No, not intersex. Not specifically. Swire syndrome. Have you heard of Swire syndrome? No. So these are people who are born functionally identical to females. They have feminine figure. They have feminine bone structure. They have ovaries. They have vaginas.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
They have breasts. They don't even know that they have Swire syndrome until they hit puberty because then things get weird. Most of them happen to be infertile. Most of them. But... The catch is, despite all of these phenotypical similarities to females, they have the XY chromosome. So are they male or female if they have XY chromosomes?
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Correct, but functionally, bodily, they look exactly like and function exactly like females.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Yeah, there are cases of fertility.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Fertility.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Um, no.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
They can be impregnated, though, despite having XY chromosomes.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Swyger syndrome. S-W-Y-E-R. So my curious... I was curious... And how common is this? Um, I'm not sure. I'm not sure how common it is. But...
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Could be one in a million, probably around those numbers, yeah.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
Quite possibly, and even less that are fertile.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
But that makes the statement that there are only male or female—
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
But no, it's like if I said there were – if I told you there's only male – no, only black and white swans, right? Have you heard this argument before? If there's only black and white swans – No, I have not heard this argument. So billions and billions of swans in the world, I tell you there's only black and white swans.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
If there's one gray swan, that makes that statement false that they're only white or black.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
So it's XY, but functionally they look like females.
The Charlie Kirk Show
Couch-Surfing Elon, Poisonous Skittles, and More From the University of South Florida
For sure. I appreciate it.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Charlie, first of all, I think judicial activism is probably, if anything, a charitable way of describing what we're seeing unfold here, my friend. I mean, this, if anything, is a judicial insurrection. I mean, this happened during the first Trump administration. So I think back all the way, actually, to the year 2018, 2019. It was in the latter years of the Trump presidency.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
that the number of nationwide injunctions that were imposed against the Trump presidency actually then exceeded all the previous presidents combined. In fact, Bill Barr, back when he was attorney general, gave a speech to the American Legal Institute, the Law Reform Institute, actually decrying the practice of nationwide injunctions.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So this is not the first time this has happened to President Trump in power. But Those judges have not learned their lesson from the first time. Partially that's because SCOTUS has derelicted its duty. The Supreme Court has not actually taken a case, Charlie, as to whether or not any of this is constitutional in the first place.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
And I guess I'll kind of just cut right to the chase there on that point and say that no, no. None of this is legal. None of this is constitutional. The media, Charlie, day in and day out, they're accusing Donald Trump and J.D. Vance and Elon Musk of fomenting a constitutional crisis because they're governing with all these executive orders.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
They're having Elon Musk go into the Treasury payment system there. First of all. Republican administrations, conservatives in general, Charlie, we're constitutionals. We respect the separation of powers. We respect the rule of law. If there is an actual action that exceeds the legitimate confines of a sphere of governance, then that is where the judiciary comes in to rein in.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
But what judges are doing right now all across the country –
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
On basically everything that Donald Trump has done since he came into power, everything from birthright citizenship to Elon Musk and Doge going into the Treasury payments there, Judge McConnell in Rhode Island threatening criminal contempt, criminal contempt of the Trump administration unless they subject all of their discretionary spending and funding decisions through his puny little judicial desk there deep in the bowels of the very blue state of Rhode Island there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
This is wildly beyond the judicial power of which Article III of the Constitution speaks.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
and i know that because people have been writing about this actually for a very long time we can go all the way back to thomas jefferson at least in 1804 writing a letter to abigail adams the wife famously of his partisan rival john adams thomas jefferson famously said that to allow the judiciary to settle all questions even when it comes to the legitimate authority of the other branches of the congress or the executive branch would be to risk despotism abraham lincoln really said it best
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
in his first inaugural address in 1861, where he said that the candid citizen must confess that where you have ordinary litigation between two parties, and that that somehow results in fixing national policy for all of the people throughout the land, because a court says so, that is, at that point, the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, because they will have allowed that eminent tribunal, aka the court, to be a juristocracy.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
This is judicial supremacy, but that is not the American system of governance there. It Judges, Charlie, in our system of governance, in our constitutional structure, judges have the power to bind the parties to a case, period, full stop, end of story. Anything beyond that, it is persuasive authority that can or cannot be listened to depending on whether the legal reasoning is cogent and coherent.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
But the executive branch has every ability in the world to faithfully interpret the Constitution and to enforce the Constitution within their legitimate sphere of influence. The birthright citizenship thing would be a very good example there. SCOTUS has never definitively ruled one way or the other as to whether or not there is birthright citizenship for the children of illegal aliens, a.k.a.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
anchor babies. In fact – There's a lot of evidence that that's not supposed to be the end. That is not constitutionally required. So because that's an unresolved question, the executive can 1,000% choose to enforce its own understanding.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
At some point, sooner rather than later, basically ASAP here, the United States Supreme Court is going to have to take a direct challenge to the entire practice of so-called nationwide injunctions. And as Clarence Thomas alluded to in his concurring opinion back in the 2018 case of Trump versus Hawaii, the landmark immigration case,
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
As Thomas said in his concurring opinion, SCOTUS is going to have to rein in these lower court judges, and that's going to have to happen, I think, ASAP.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So in practice, I think the most concrete thing that SCOTUS can do is to say that nationwide injunctions are actually not a thing. And I think to this law review article here, I guess we'll nerd out just for a second here. So there was a law review article in the Harvard Law Review in December 2017 by a fantastic conservative legal scholar by the name of Sam Bray.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
He's actually currently teaching in Notre Dame Law School, probably the single greatest piece of legal scholarship on the question of so-called nationwide injunctions.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
And he just persuasively demonstrates over the course of this legal scholarship that it's not a thing there because, again, the injunctive power, when courts are issuing an injunction, what they are doing in actuality is they are telling a certain defendant and a certain plaintiff that their actions with respect to each other have to go a certain way.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
But it does not reach beyond the ambit of the named defendant and the named plaintiff there. This is a modern thing. The There was no such thing as a nationwide injunction until the 1960s. That was the very first recorded instance of one in the late 1960s, I think during the Lyndon Johnson presidency, maybe even the Nixon presidency there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
But it didn't explode into being until the very, very latter years of the Obama presidency and then really in actuality during the Trump presidency. This became a thing due to partisan lawfare. It is just lawfare by any other means. They lost the law fair against Donald Trump the last couple of years with Jack Smith and Fannie Wills and Alvin Bragg.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
And now they're basically just trying law fair by any other means. So SCOTUS has the ability here. They have every ability in the world to say the nationwide injunctions are not a thing. Additionally, I'll say this as well.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Congress, Congress, which is currently governed by Republicans, last I checked, they have a ton of power, a ton of power to reign in the lower courts basically in any way possible there. These lower courts, Charlie, I clerked on one. I clerked on the Fifth Circuit based in New Orleans, Louisiana. All these lower courts actually don't even have to exist. They solely exist at Congress's discretion.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
The only court in America that has to exist is a Supreme Court there. They can also take very petty, retributive, punitive action, Congress, if they want to. So one kind of funny example that I like to use, if Congress wanted to say that you, Mr. Justice or Mr. Judge, are not allowed to use taxpayer dollars to dry clean your judicial robe just as a way to humiliate you or embarrass you,
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
They can do that. Congress has the ability to regulate the lower courts a lot. And frankly, I think it's about time that they do it. Judicial impeachment as well, I think, would be another very, very powerful tool. That day has probably come. We really should see those impeachment articles filed ASAP, I think, from Jim Jordan and House Judiciary.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Well, they would have to be convicted by the Senate. So that's, you know, therein lies the rub. Right. I mean, the votes may or may not be there in the Senate. I'm not going to confident confidently predict that the votes. would in fact be there. But at a bare minimum, I think it would be a serious black mark there. And, you know, look, judges are people that went to law school.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
They climbed through the ranks of the legal profession there. They do care about things like black marks. It is an actual kind of notch on the resume. Right.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So, I mean, even if it is purely symbolic, if it dies in the House, it is not even taken up by John Thune, although I think it probably would be taken up at least in the Senate there, you know, bring it to a vote at a bare minimum, get Democrats on the record.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
At a bare minimum there, it would be at least a pretty sizable, symbolic shot across the bow against one of these activist left-wing lower court judges there. And it would be a nice civics lesson, frankly, for the American people as well.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So there's – I think it's in all three branches at once gang up on these rogue lower courts. So we can start with the United States Supreme Court itself, and then we'll kind of work our way backwards from Article 3 to Article 1, I suppose. So we'll start with Article 3 there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So the easiest way to rein in lower court judges is for the United States Supreme Court to do so because the federal judiciary actually does work as a legitimate hierarchy where SCOTUS has the ability to do whatever it wants to in essentially its discretionary power – to overturn lower court judges that are running amok and have run amok.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So they can and they must take a direct challenge to the entire practice of a so-called nationwide injunction, and they should declare that that exceeds the judicial power of which Article III speaks. The Supreme Court should also expedite some of these other cases on the actual underlying substantive constitutional merits.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
So for example, the birthright citizenship case is a very good example there. We've now had three lower court judges that have put a temporary restraining order or some sort of other injunctive relief And joining the Trump administration, preventing it from enforcing its correct interpretation of birthright citizenship for children of illegal aliens.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
SCOTUS should fast track an oral argument on that. They should get that opinion out by the end of this term in June there. I'm not going to confidently predict that there are five votes for the correct interpretation there. I tend to be a little bit pessimist when it comes to that particular issue there. But there's at least a possibility. So that thing should be fast tracked.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
kind of working your way backwards, the executive branch there. Well, I mean, let's take Judge McConnell in Rhode Island, Charlie, just for example here. So this judge in Rhode Island is threatening to put criminal contempt there. So at that point, the Trump administration should basically just flip its fingers at this judge and say, okay, you and what army?
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
I mean, who's actually going to enforce this criminal contempt order in practice?
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Well, let's play it out a little further, Charlie. So look, the judge in Rhode Island, Judge McConnell here, he's threatening criminal contempt here. Okay, so who's actually going to enforce this criminal contempt? That would probably be one of the U.S. Marshals, right?
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Because as Hamilton says in Federalist 78, the judiciary has neither force nor will but merely judgment and literally depends upon the efficacy of the executive branch even to enforce its judgments. What he means by that is because the U.S. Marshals, in actuality, they're not part of Article III. They're part of Article 2. They're actually part of the Department of Justice. The U.S.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Marshals sit under Attorney General Pam Bondi. So even if McConnell, Judge McConnell, that is, not Senator McConnell, even if Judge McConnell can get a U.S. Marshal to try to enforce his contempt order, fine, let that play out. Donald Trump can then just issue a pardon, make everyone happy.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
He can literally then just issue a pardon for whichever official has been found in contempt by this rogue judge. End of story, constitutional crisis totally averted there. And then finally, Article 1, when it comes to Congress, that's kind of what you and I were just talking about there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Judicial impeachment, start with Judge McConnell, start with Judge Engelmeyer in New York City, this other rogue judge who had that ridiculous ruling about Elon Musk and Doge when it comes to the Treasury payments. Those would be two good candidates to get these articles of impeachment rolling there.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
And then I would also support literally just possibly stripping some of these lower court judgeships there. When you actually start to make the other judges feel the heat, because if you are removing certain judgeships, by definition – You're going to then move some cases from their docket to the other docket. Judges will get the message sooner rather than later.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
There are ultimately people that are not going to be wanting to literally work 24-7 there. They want to sleep and eat and see the wife and kids like anyone else there. So when you really start kind of putting some meat on the bone, so to speak, here with the congressional tools, I think you'll start to see a good response as well.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
Charlie, it's it's been a beautiful sight to behold. It has been absolutely fantastic. You know, it kind of reminds me of what Steve Bannon said once during the first Trump administration, when Steve famously said that. That the way to deal with the corporate media and the Democratic elected official class is to flood the zone. And I'm a big sports – yeah, flood it. I mean I'm a big sports fan.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
That's a football term. Steve is borrowing that from football. And it makes perfect sense. That's what they're doing day in and day out, Charlie. I mean – I mean, there's been so many executive orders that my buddy, Will Sharf, the White House staff secretary who I've been friends with for years, we literally co-founded Jews Against Sorrows together two years ago.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
I mean, Will's become a household name because every day on cable TV, you see him handing off the executive orders. It's incredible stuff there. I love it. Keep them with the head on a permanent swivel there. Make sure they have no idea what's going on. There's something one day, there's something else the next day there. But he's doing dynamic stuff, Charlie. And the best part is it's working.
The Charlie Kirk Show
This Is What "Flood the Zone" Means
The Canada-Mexico tariffs, Panama getting out of China's Belt and Road Initiative there, the stuff in Gaza, I guess we'll see what happens there. But there is so much good stuff happening, I'm honestly starting to lose track of it myself.
The President's Daily Brief
March 11th, 2025: Russian Troops Launch Sneak Attack In Kursk & Canada Gets A New Prime Minister
Like a bull in a china shop, Donald Trump came in to drain the swamp in Washington, D.C. But with his bold reform and rejuvenation agenda comes so many legal questions. Nationwide injunctions. Are they constitutional? What's the deal with birthright citizenship? What about the administrative state? Can he actually clean the deep state and end the politicization of the federal bureaucracy?
The President's Daily Brief
March 11th, 2025: Russian Troops Launch Sneak Attack In Kursk & Canada Gets A New Prime Minister
I'm Josh Hammer, host of America on Trial with Josh Hammer. Subscribe to America on Trial with Josh Hammer for your daily updates on all of these questions and more.