Unless God sovereignly changes our disposition, we will never choose to turn from our sin and trust in Christ for salvation. From his expositional series in the book of Ephesians, today R.C. Sproul describes the bleak condition of fallen humanity and our absolute need for divine grace. Get R.C. Sproul’s commentary on the book of Ephesians for your donation of any amount: https://gift.renewingyourmind.org/3616/ephesians-commentary Meet Today’s Teacher: R.C. Sproul (1939–2017) was known for his ability to winsomely and clearly communicate deep, practical truths from God’s Word. He was founder of Ligonier Ministries, first minister of preaching and teaching at Saint Andrew’s Chapel, first president of Reformation Bible College, and executive editor of Tabletalk magazine. Meet the Host: Nathan W. Bingham is vice president of ministry engagement for Ligonier Ministries, executive producer and host of Renewing Your Mind, host of the Ask Ligonier podcast, and a graduate of Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne, Australia. Nathan joined Ligonier in 2012 and lives in Central Florida with his wife and four children. Renewing Your Mind is a donor-supported outreach of Ligonier Ministries. Explore all of our podcasts: https://www.ligonier.org/podcasts
At what point did God regenerate us? At what point did God make us alive? While we were dead, while we were utterly helpless, while we were completely morally unable to cooperate with the gospel or to respond to the divine summons, we first had to be made alive. And that is the action of God.
Most of us are familiar with Ephesians chapter 2 and verse 8, for by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing. It is the gift of God. But this good news is so good and so memorable in Ephesians chapter 2 because of the bad news, the bleak condition of humanity that Paul describes earlier in that chapter.
And that's what we'll be considering today on this Sunday edition of Renewing Your Mind. Every Sunday we feature the preaching and teaching ministry of R.C. Sproul. And today we begin a short series in Ephesians, beginning in chapter 2, which means that we'll start our time together with Dr. Sproul considering the fallen nature of man.
Before we turn to chapter 2, if you'd like to study the entirety of Ephesians, be sure to visit renewingyourmind.org or use the link in the podcast show notes to request Dr. Sproul's hardcover commentary on Ephesians with your donation of any amount. Here's Dr. Sproul beginning in Ephesians chapter 2.
We're going to begin with chapter 2. I'll be reading verses 1 through 10. And you He made alive, who were dead in trespasses and sins, in which you once walked according to the course of this world.
according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the sons of disobedience, among whom also we all once conducted ourselves in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, just as the others.
But God, who is rich in mercy because of his great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in trespasses, made us alive together with Christ, by grace you have been saved, and raised us up together and made us sit together in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus, that in the ages to come he might show the exceeding riches of his grace and his kindness toward us in Christ Jesus.
For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them.
This brief passage is one of the most pivotal New Testament passages with respect to two extremely important doctrines in the history of Christian theology. In the first place, as I will endeavor to show in a few moments, this passage weighs heavily on the church's understanding of the doctrine of original sin.
And secondly, it also speaks profoundly to the controversial question of what is called the ordo salutis, or the order of salvation, that is, the order by which God works to bring us into a state of salvation. And so, it is important that we look at this section of the epistle very carefully that we may be instructed by it.
Let me begin by talking about the historical controversy with respect to original sin. First, the doctrine of original sin is a doctrine that is held and maintained and confessed by virtually every church in the world council of churches. However, the understanding of the doctrine of original sin varies significantly from denomination to denomination, from theology to theology.
That is to say, the church historically, since the Pelagian controversy of early centuries, has uniformly confessed that there is such a thing as original sin, but not everyone agrees as to its extent. Again, let me begin by saying that original sin ought not to be confused with the first sin, the sin that Adam and Eve committed in the Garden of Eden.
Rather, the doctrine of original sin has to do with the consequences of that transgression committed by Adam and Eve. Now, in the early centuries, the first great controversy over original sin erupted when a British monk by the name of Pelagius challenged the teaching of Saint Augustine on this question of original sin. Pelagius argued that the fall of Adam affected Adam and Adam alone.
It did not make any impact on the constituent nature of humanity. There was no change in human nature that resulted from the fall. Pelagius argued against Augustine that though grace facilitates living a life of righteousness, it is not necessary. That is, that human beings since Adam and Eve and since the garden experience there remain morally capable of living lives of perfect righteousness.
And indeed, Pelagius argued that some have actually achieved that perfection without any aid from divine grace. One of the points that Pelagius argued was that since God requires moral perfection from his creatures, it would necessarily follow, according to Pelagius' thinking, that we would have the moral ability to meet that requirement.
Otherwise God would be unjust in requiring us to be perfect when in fact we do not have the ability to be perfect. Now Augustine in response to this argued that the sin of Adam and Eve not only had consequences for the rest of the human race, but that those consequences were radical. And I choose the word radical carefully.
That is to say, the term radical comes from the Latin rhodex, which means root, or core. Augustine is saying that because of the sin of Adam and Eve, subsequent humanity was affected at its core, and this core affectation has to do with sinful and immoral inclinations.
In fact, Augustine went so far as to say that in the fallen humanity of human beings, the result of original sin, in fact the very essence of original sin, is that we are left in a state of moral inability. moral inability.
That's what defines the human condition that the Bible describes as being in the flesh, that our fallen, sinful nature leaves every human being in such a state that no one has the ability in and of himself to incline himself to the righteousness required by God or to the things of God alone.
that for human beings to be converted to Christianity and to embrace Jesus Christ, that would require an intervention by God the Holy Spirit to change the fallen inclinations of the human heart. Now, in the middle of that dispute, much of the controversy focused on the question of free will.
And Augustine had argued that prior to the fall, man had free will, a liber arbitrium, and also liberty, which he called libertas. Now, the distinction was this. He said prior to the fall, every creature had the ability to choose righteousness or unrighteousness but the liberty was the ability to incline oneself to the things of God.
After the fall, Augustine said, what humanity lost was not free will or the liberium arbitrium, but liberty. That is, what was lost after the fall was the moral inclination to do the things of God. man still retained a faculty of choosing, that we were still volitional characters. And since the fall, we still have the power to make choices, and we do make choices every day of our lives.
The problem is, though free will remains, that free will is the will of a slave. That is, we still have the power to do what we want and to choose what we want, but the desires of our hearts are enslaved to sin. That is, the desires of our hearts are only wicked continually. So you might say, what kind of freedom is that?
Well, we still have the kind of freedom, the ability to choose what we want to do. We still have the freedom to sin. but that freedom is at the same time a bondage because our choices are governed and ruled by our fallen humanity, which is inclined only toward disobedience rather than to obedience. Then when he says that the essence of original sin is moral inability,
What he meant by that is in our fallen condition, we are unable to do the things of God, unable to choose the things of God. We aren't even able, without the intervention of God's grace, to choose Christ. Now you can see what a tremendous dispute that has created over the centuries of Christian history.
In between Pelagius, who was condemned by the church as a heretic, and Augustine, there arose a man who tried to seek a synthesis between Pelagius and Augustine, and his theology, John Cusanus, is called semi-Pelagianism. And so I sometimes refer to semi-Pelagianism as being introduced by Pelagius' cousin, Semi. But that's not what it meant.
Semi-Pelagianism tried to take a middle ground and say that yes, Adam's sin affected all of his subsequent progeny. And it did change the constituent nature of humanity. and that there is such a thing as original sin, and it is necessary to have God's grace in our lives before we can ever possibly be redeemed.
So all of those points, Cusanus was in radical disagreement with Pelagius, yet at the same time, He also differed with Augustine, particularly with Augustine's doctrine of predestination and moral inability, saying that even though the fall is serious and it has powerfully weakened our ability to choose the things of God, there still remains a remnant of moral inability.
inclination to the things of God so that when the gospel is offered to us, we still have the power and the volitional ability to say yes or no to the gospel.
I might add, interestingly enough, that Semi-Pelagianism was also condemned as heretical at that period in church history, leaving room for the triumph of Augustinianism, which of course has been the classical view of Reformed theology, and we remember that Martin Luther, who was a monk in Erfurt, was of the Augustinian order, and no prior theologian influenced Luther as much as did Augustine.
And so Luther's teaching on predestination, for example, and on the bondage of the will, which he wrote about more extensively than John Calvin ever dreamed about, was basically a consistent exposition of what Augustine had taught before him. Also, in terms of the theologians of antiquity, none influenced John Calvin more than did Augustine.
So at their core, both Luther and Calvin were thoroughly Augustinian in their understanding, A, of original sin, and B, of the moral inability of fallen humanity.
Now, with respect to the order of salvation or the ordo salutis, which is the other matter that is so vitally important to this text and is also inseparably related, though may be distinguished from the issue of original sin, has to do with the question, What comes first and so on in the order of our salvation?
Paul, for example, in Romans 8, gives us a partial order of salvation when he talks about those whom he foreknew that he also predestined, those whom he predestined that he also called, those whom he called that he also justified, those whom he justified that he also glorified. Now, there's an order there that goes in a sequence.
Now when we talk about that order of salvation, however, it's important to understand the distinction between a temporal order and a logical order. A temporal order means that one thing occurs before another in time. A logical order means one thing logically is dependent on another thing, though both may happen simultaneously. Let me explain the difference.
We believe and teach the doctrine of justification by faith alone. And so in terms of the order of salvation, we say that faith comes before justification. But how long does a person have to have faith before they're justified? It's instantaneous. So the order of faiths coming before justification is not an order in time. It's not a temporal sequence. It's a logical sequence.
That is, justification logically depends upon faith. Faith does not logically depend upon justification. Am I going too fast? We got this? All right. Now he says that prior to our regeneration, our quickening, our being made alive by God the Holy Spirit, we walked according to this sinful nature that we have, and we were by nature, our constituent nature, children of wrath.
The idea is that being a child of wrath is not an accident of birth. It's the essence of our fallen humanity. Now, again, that flies in the face of everything you've been taught from the time you were in kindergarten, that we are all by nature children of God. But the Bible says we are by nature children of wrath, children of Satan.
There are very few times that I disagree with Calvin, but I differ with him on one point when he says newborn babies are as depraved as rats. I don't like that because I think it's an insult to the rat. The rat does what rats are made to do. They like to eat cheese and run away from cats.
but newborn babies are born as children of wrath, dead in sin, born in a state of moral corruption, morally incapable of changing ourselves. We can no more change ourselves from our fallen condition than the Ethiopian can change the color of his skin or a leopard can change his spot.
Now again, this flies in the face of all of that that you've heard, that you are the one who has to make that final decision of whether you're going to be saved or not. But Paul says, you were made alive. You were changed from this course you were on and from being under and living according to the power of the prince of this world. How?
In verse four, does he say, but you who finally came to your senses, exercised your free will and fled to Christ to be healed by him. There's no you in this passage, but rather it's but God. I used to have a needlepoint thing in a frame that one of our ladies who came to our Bible studies in Ligonier 100 years ago, and it simply said, but God.
Because I said, this is the most important two words you'll ever hear in the Bible. Because what he is saying is that after this dreadful description of our fallen condition, he doesn't say, but you or but man, but it's but God. See that which intervened in the course to which we were walking was God.
But God who's rich in mercy, this is connected to the whole first chapter when he talked about the mercy of God, that great mercy by which we are saved. Because of his great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in trespasses, made us alive together with Christ. Now the question is, at what point did God regenerate us? At what point did God make us alive? While we were dead.
While we were utterly helpless. While we were completely morally unable to cooperate with the gospel or to respond to the divine summons, we first had to be made alive. And that is the action of God. We call this action of regeneration the divine initiative. We would say that your regeneration, your rebirth, is an action that is altogether monergistic.
meaning that there's only one actor involved in this activity. It's not a cooperative venture, a joint venture between God and you or God and me. But when you're reborn, it's the activity that God wreaks in our souls and God alone. And he does it while we're dead, as dead as Lazarus was in the tomb. When Paul in Romans talks about calling, he talks about all who are called or justified.
He's referring not to the outward calling or the preaching of the gospel, but those who are called inwardly. When the Holy Ghost quickens you from spiritual death to spiritual life, this is called an internal calling that affects what God wants it to affect, just as he called the universe into being.
Just as Jesus called Lazarus out of the tomb, so the Holy Spirit called you to faith in Christ, and He didn't wait for you to say, okay. And you know, when I first understood this and learned this, I looked back on my own conversion, and I said, wow, that's certainly true.
I was as far away from the kingdom of God and as hostile to the kingdom of God as the apostle Paul was when he was on the road to Damascus. I wasn't searching for truth, searching for Christ. When I came to faith, it was like God came to me like on the road to Damascus and opened these blind eyes and deaf ears and changed the disposition of my soul.
Unless God changes the disposition of your heart, you will never choose Christ. And when He does change the disposition of your heart, you will always choose Christ. Because what regeneration does is not put you back in a state of moral indifference, but the change in the disposition of your heart is radical.
where before you didn't want God in your thinking, you were totally disinclined to the things of Christ, now He changes the disposition and the inclination of your heart so that now what you want more than anything else is Christ. Now, do you choose Christ? Of course you do. Do you exercise faith in Christ? Of course you do, but not until or unless
God the Holy Spirit quickens you from spiritual death.
What amazing grace that is, that while we were dead in sin, God made us alive. I'm Nathan W. Bingham, and this is the Sunday edition of Renewing Your Mind. You just heard a message from R.C. Sproul that he gave at St. Andrew's Chapel in Sanford, Florida, and it was Dr. Sproul's preaching and teaching that formed the basis of his expositional commentary on Ephesians.
This hardcover commentary is the latest in his expositional series. You can request your own copy when you give a donation of any amount at renewingyourmind.org. Consider the riches of this wonderful letter from the Apostle Paul at your own pace. Request this commentary today using the link in the podcast show notes before this offer ends at midnight.
Join us next Sunday as we move ahead to verse 11 and are again reminded of who we were outside of Christ. Join us then here on Renewing Your Mind. Renewing Your Mind