James P. Allison

There are There are signals that tell them to stay where they are. Those can be lost, but they can also develop things on their surface that'll tell them where you really belong over here. So it'll leave. I mean, that's the way they get there is through the blood, but it's more complicated.

There are There are signals that tell them to stay where they are. Those can be lost, but they can also develop things on their surface that'll tell them where you really belong over here. So it'll leave. I mean, that's the way they get there is through the blood, but it's more complicated.

There has to be changes that allow them to get into the blood and other changes that allow them to get out of the blood into the tissue that they're going into. That's a whole other area, metastasis of study that's under way.

There has to be changes that allow them to get into the blood and other changes that allow them to get out of the blood into the tissue that they're going into. That's a whole other area, metastasis of study that's under way.

Yeah. Well, a biochemist. I got bored with chemistry and biochemistry quickly. Actually, then when I was – but again, I had this family history of cancer, which made me –

Yeah. Well, a biochemist. I got bored with chemistry and biochemistry quickly. Actually, then when I was – but again, I had this family history of cancer, which made me –

was interested ultimately i was interested in biology um started in biochemistry because that's just i don't know where i landed but then as i learned about the immune system t cells had just been discovered shortly before i was an undergraduate and i um i was really fascinated by the whole idea of the immune system and but it was mostly antibodies and b cells at the time but then when t cells came along

was interested ultimately i was interested in biology um started in biochemistry because that's just i don't know where i landed but then as i learned about the immune system t cells had just been discovered shortly before i was an undergraduate and i um i was really fascinated by the whole idea of the immune system and but it was mostly antibodies and b cells at the time but then when t cells came along

I was lucky enough to have an immunology course as an undergraduate at University of Texas at Austin. And Bill Manny, the professor, he was an antibody guy. Towards the end of the semester, he talked about these new cells that have been discovered called T cells that percolate all through your body. It was known they go all through your body.

I was lucky enough to have an immunology course as an undergraduate at University of Texas at Austin. And Bill Manny, the professor, he was an antibody guy. Towards the end of the semester, he talked about these new cells that have been discovered called T cells that percolate all through your body. It was known they go all through your body.

I mean, not only just going around in the blood and the lymph, but they actually go through your tissues. Screen your cells and see what's going on. Every of the remotest corner of your body is being surveilled, I guess the proper verb, by the immune system to make sure nothing's going awry. That's one of the reasons we're able to keep it all together without going completely bananas.

I mean, not only just going around in the blood and the lymph, but they actually go through your tissues. Screen your cells and see what's going on. Every of the remotest corner of your body is being surveilled, I guess the proper verb, by the immune system to make sure nothing's going awry. That's one of the reasons we're able to keep it all together without going completely bananas.

One of the reasons early on. First of all, most of the mechanisms for replicating are pretty damn accurate, but If they're accurate, 99.9% of the time, that's not enough.

One of the reasons early on. First of all, most of the mechanisms for replicating are pretty damn accurate, but If they're accurate, 99.9% of the time, that's not enough.

You're going to get problems. And T-cells are, they're a variety of white blood cells? Yeah, yeah, a variety of them. Yeah, lymphocytes are one kind, but they're also macrophages. They're largely, I guess I would say two families of them, lymphoid cells and myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are like macrophages and things like that that

You're going to get problems. And T-cells are, they're a variety of white blood cells? Yeah, yeah, a variety of them. Yeah, lymphocytes are one kind, but they're also macrophages. They're largely, I guess I would say two families of them, lymphoid cells and myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are like macrophages and things like that that

engulf bacteria or infected cells or dying debris from dying cells and clean up wounds and all that stuff and help wounds repair. And they have innate signals, they're called, that they can recognize A lot of viruses, a lot of bacteria, just because they have carbohydrates and things on their surface that is classes of molecules are different than those found in our cells, mammalian cells.

engulf bacteria or infected cells or dying debris from dying cells and clean up wounds and all that stuff and help wounds repair. And they have innate signals, they're called, that they can recognize A lot of viruses, a lot of bacteria, just because they have carbohydrates and things on their surface that is classes of molecules are different than those found in our cells, mammalian cells.

So there's sort of this, we call them innate because everybody's got those and they can protect you against a lot of organisms. But that's not enough either. And so late evolution with development of Actually, not shortly after vertebrates and things.

So there's sort of this, we call them innate because everybody's got those and they can protect you against a lot of organisms. But that's not enough either. And so late evolution with development of Actually, not shortly after vertebrates and things.