Dr. Haitham Hussein

And there are still parts of the country where the stroke mortality is higher. And this is the south and the southeast, like you said. And the other failure is that the gap between men and women And between white and non-white are still there. These gaps have not closed yet. There are some improvements, but still most gains were made by white men and least gains made by black women.

And there are still parts of the country where the stroke mortality is higher. And this is the south and the southeast, like you said. And the other failure is that the gap between men and women And between white and non-white are still there. These gaps have not closed yet. There are some improvements, but still most gains were made by white men and least gains made by black women.

The overall outcomes improved in general for everybody. But there are these disparities that are still there. And I think part of it is the higher concentration of African-Americans in certain parts of the country. And we talked before about the higher incidence of stroke in the African-American community. And also related to that is the social determinants of health.

The overall outcomes improved in general for everybody. But there are these disparities that are still there. And I think part of it is the higher concentration of African-Americans in certain parts of the country. And we talked before about the higher incidence of stroke in the African-American community. And also related to that is the social determinants of health.

So aside from the biology, if you correct for the blood pressure and the blood sugar and the cholesterol and all of that, and you look at social factors like income, or where a person lives or having a steady job or the food they eat and how secure the food is and how healthy the food is and the education, the years of education. And these are independent predictors of stroke.

So aside from the biology, if you correct for the blood pressure and the blood sugar and the cholesterol and all of that, and you look at social factors like income, or where a person lives or having a steady job or the food they eat and how secure the food is and how healthy the food is and the education, the years of education. And these are independent predictors of stroke.

So if you fix all the medical biological predictors, just being African-American increases your risk for stroke. Or just having that fused education years versus higher education increases your risk for stroke. Or having that yearly income increases your risk for stroke.

So if you fix all the medical biological predictors, just being African-American increases your risk for stroke. Or just having that fused education years versus higher education increases your risk for stroke. Or having that yearly income increases your risk for stroke.

Well, that's everywhere, actually. Yeah, there are studies that gathered data from all over the country. Social determinants of health are very powerful. We just didn't know how to study them in the past. And now we're figuring out ways to identify them and study them. And we're shocked. by how impactful they are, how predictor they are in terms of predicting stroke.

Well, that's everywhere, actually. Yeah, there are studies that gathered data from all over the country. Social determinants of health are very powerful. We just didn't know how to study them in the past. And now we're figuring out ways to identify them and study them. And we're shocked. by how impactful they are, how predictor they are in terms of predicting stroke.

And so, you know, they have to do with access to care. They have to do the quality even of the primary care provided is different. You know, when we compare our patients with stroke here in Minnesota who have diabetes, and we look at how well diabetes was controlled before stroke, which we can find out using a blood test called hemoglobin A1C.

And so, you know, they have to do with access to care. They have to do the quality even of the primary care provided is different. You know, when we compare our patients with stroke here in Minnesota who have diabetes, and we look at how well diabetes was controlled before stroke, which we can find out using a blood test called hemoglobin A1C.

So look at the hemoglobin A1C for stroke patients and compare white and non-white. White patients will have high A1C, not at target. So 7.5 or we always aim for less than 7.0%. But then you look at the non-white and you'll find that their A1C is 10. In the cases of the Hmong, we just published 13. And these are people who have known diabetes and have been on a diabetes medication.

So look at the hemoglobin A1C for stroke patients and compare white and non-white. White patients will have high A1C, not at target. So 7.5 or we always aim for less than 7.0%. But then you look at the non-white and you'll find that their A1C is 10. In the cases of the Hmong, we just published 13. And these are people who have known diabetes and have been on a diabetes medication.

But then their diabetes control wasn't good. And there is a big difference between having primary care and having adequate care. Good primary care, right? You can go in and out of the office in 10 minutes and get a prescription and done. And you just didn't learn anything. You didn't understand what you're supposed to do.

But then their diabetes control wasn't good. And there is a big difference between having primary care and having adequate care. Good primary care, right? You can go in and out of the office in 10 minutes and get a prescription and done. And you just didn't learn anything. You didn't understand what you're supposed to do.

No one really engaged with you and your family and shared with you what they're worried about, what you can do to get to where you need to be. So that adequate primary care is also a factor. And it's also tied to the social determinants of health and our African-American community, our friends, I don't think they get as good primary care as whites.

No one really engaged with you and your family and shared with you what they're worried about, what you can do to get to where you need to be. So that adequate primary care is also a factor. And it's also tied to the social determinants of health and our African-American community, our friends, I don't think they get as good primary care as whites.

Okay, well, before we talk about rehabilitation, can I just make a comment about trust?

Okay, well, before we talk about rehabilitation, can I just make a comment about trust?