Dr. David Buss

And so you see evolution, which is change over time and increase in frequency of the characteristics associated with winning these battles.

Jealousy is an evolved emotion

that serves several adaptive functions okay once you have long-term mating you need a uh a defense to prevent or preserve the investment that you've made or in our making in long-term mateship and so jealousy serves this um mate guarding function if you will or mate retention function and so jealousy gets activated when there are threats to that romantic relationship the threats

come from many sources.

So they could be you detect cues to your partner's infidelity or cues of a lack of an emotional distance between you and your partner.

So that's one set of cues.

what Darwin called contest competition.

But then there's another set of interested mate poachers.

So if you're mated to someone who's desirable, which many people are, other people still desire them.

So jealousy motivates people to be attentive to potential mate poachers

Even if there are no mate poachers and no cues to infidelity, if a mate value discrepancy opens up in a relationship.

So colloquially, people say things like he's not good enough for you, you know, or I think you could do better to people and implicitly have a notion of.

And we know that the logic of that is more general now and involves things like in our species competing for position and status hierarchies.

relative mate value and discrepancies therein.

Okay, but discrepancies can open up where none previously existed.

So you get fired from a job all of a sudden, you know, and most people are very understanding and forgiving about that.

if it's not too long, but you go six months, eight months, people start having problems.

Or if someone's career takes off, let's say a woman becomes a famous singer or actress or a man does, career takes off, all of a sudden there's a mate value discrepancy where you have access to a larger pool of potential mates and higher mate value potential mates.

So

So people are attentive to mate value discrepancies.

And so jealousy can get activated even if there are no immediate threats to a relationship.

But the mate value discrepancy is a threat that looms on the horizon of the relationship because we know statistically the higher mate value person is more likely to have an affair.

and is more likely to dump the other person and trade up in the mating market.

And then what people do about it depends on what their options are.

And people do things that I, in my published scientific work, I say range from vigilance to violence.

But the second most relevant to your question about mate choice is preferential mate choice.

And that can include stalking, following, hacking into iPhones or computers, monitoring animals.

the behavior of mate poachers, looking at eye contact between other men and your partner.

There's a whole suite of things that, you know, is involved in vigilance.

And then at the other extreme is violence.

In America, something like 28 to 30 percent of all people who are married will experience intimate partner violence in their relationship.

So it's not a trivial percentage.

Could you tell us about the dark triad?

Yeah, so the dark triad, so we've been talking about sex differences on average, but there are critical within sex individual differences.

And the dark triad is one of the most important ones.

The dark triad consists of three personality characteristics.

So narcissism,

Machiavellianism and psychopathy.

That was the second causal pathway

If you combine these qualities, you have some very bad dudes.

And I say bad dudes because men tend to score higher in these things than women.

Why is this important?

Well, it's important in the mating context because those who are high on dark triad traits tend to be sexual deceivers, for one.

So they're very often very charming, very good at seducing women and then abandoning them.

They're very good at the art of seduction.

And the logic there is that if members of one sex agree with one another about the qualities that are desired, then those of the opposite sex who possess the desired qualities or embody those desired qualities, they have a mating advantage.

They also tend to be serial sexual harassers and sexual coercers.

And so if you combine dark triad traits with the dispositional pursuit of a short-term mating strategy, that's an especially deadly combination.

That's when you get sexual harassment, sexual coercion.

It's a subset of men who commit the vast majority of these acts of sexual violence.

Yes.

So, well, stalking has multiple motivations, but one of the most frequent motivations is a mating motivation where either there's a breakup and the woman dumps the guy and the guy doesn't.

want to get dumped.

He wants to maintain a relationship with her.

And I should say that when it comes to criminal stalking, there's a huge sex difference.

About 80% of the stalkers tend to be men, about 20% women.

So there are women stalkers, but they're about a fourth the number compared to men.

So the motivation of the guys tends to be either an attempt to get back together with the woman, either sexually or in a relationship, and or to interfere with her future mating prospects.

And it works in some of the time in two senses.

One is it does interfere with her attempts to remate.

So, in fact, it scares off some guys.

So like you show up and pick up a woman at her apartment for a date and her ex is sitting out there glaring at you.

And I think that the circumstances are often a mate value discrepancy where the guy realizes correctly that he will be unable to replace her with a mate of equivalent mate value or in some cases any mate.

It's like, well, she was with me once.

Maybe I can get her back with me again.

Those lacking desired qualities get banished, shunned, ignored, or in the modern environment become incels.

And another thing we found, we did a study of 2,500 victims of stalking.

This is with Josh Duntley, a former student of mine who's now a professor in a criminology department.

Wow.

What we found is there were large differences between the stalker and the victim of the stalker, where the stalker tends to be much lower in mate value than the victim.

And so basically, it's typically the woman who realizes she can do a lot better on the mating market.

And the guy realizes, I am never going to be able to replace her.

with a woman of equivalent mate value.

And so I'm going to use this last ditch desperate measure to try to get her back.

And occasionally it works.

The logic there is very simple but also very powerful, and that is that

whatever qualities are desired, consensually desired, if there's some heritable basis to those, then those increase in frequency over time.

Yeah, well, I mean, I can offer some sort of informed speculation about it.

You know, a secure attachment style, if both partners have a secure attachment style, that's conducive to a long-term mateship.

Avoidant attachment styles, avoidant people tend to have more difficulty with intimacy and also higher probability of infidelity.

And anxious attachment style, I don't know, can create problems of its own, you know, in the overly clingy, dependent, you know, absorbing what I call high relationship load.

What is the baggage that someone brings to the relationship?

And in the human case, these two causal processes of sexual selection are related to each other in that the mate preferences of one sex basically set the ground rules for competition in the opposite sex.

A couple of things.

So one is that I think people are generally pretty good at self-assessing mate value.

And even self-esteem has been hypothesized to be one internal monitoring device that tracks mate value.

So when we get a promotion at work or we get a rise in status, we feel an elevated sense of self-esteem.

We get fired.

We get rejected.

We get ostracized.

Our self-esteem plummets.

So our self-evaluation, I think, does track mate value to some extent.

There are people who overestimate their mate value.

People high on narcissism in particular.

And some people underestimate their mate value.

Another important element is that there's

Consensual mate value, so that is, if you asked a group of 100 people, you know, there's a fair amount of consensus that this person's an eight, that person's a six.

But there are also individual differences in mate value.

So let's say you're into football and another partner thinks sports are stupid.

So if, for example, hypothetically, women...

You know, then that's, you know, someone who's also into sports is going to be higher in mate value for you.

So there are these individual differences in components of mate value, which is good because that means if everyone were going after the same people and there was total consensus on mate value, then there would be a lot of mateless people and a lot of problems in the world.

and a lot of dissatisfied people.

So both are important, the consensual aspects and the individually differentiated components of made value.

preferred to mate with men who were able and willing to devote resources to them, then that would create competition among men to claw their way, you know, and beat out other men in resource acquisition and then displaying that their willingness to commit that to a particular woman.

But in terms of

accuracy of assessment, there are no good measures scientifically to do this because it's a very complicated endeavor to assess accurately.

But I think people have a good intuitive sense of people's relative mate value, especially if you're in a group and you've been able to interact with them for a long time.

And one indication is

again, that attention structure.

How many other people really want to mate with this person?

That's a good cue that they're high in mate value.

I think you're absolutely right.

And I think it will happen.

I think it's starting to happen and it will happen because getting at the neuroscience is getting at the underlying mechanisms that are driving the process.

So, you know, what an evolutionary perspective brings to bear is evolved function and ultimate explanation, the selective forces that created adaptations, the functions of those adaptations and the neuroscience brings, well, what is the underlying machinery

that these mechanisms are instantiated in.

Sure.

OK, so, well, my most recent book is called When Men Behave Badly, The Hidden Roots of Sexual Deception, Harassment and Assault.

And that book deals with conflict between the sexes, sexual conflict.

And so it deals with them both in what I call mating market conflicts.

Some of the topics we've been talking about, deception in Internet dating and things like that.

Second is conflict that occurs within mating relationships of the sort that we've been talking about as well.

Financial infidelity, emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity, coping with conflict within a relationship.

And I actually have some suggestions for strategies for coping with conflict within a relationship.

coping in the after, dealing with the aftermath of breakups.

So often there's an asymmetry.

One person wants to break up, the other doesn't.

So I talk about coping in the aftermath.

And then I also talk in this book, When Men Behave Badly, about some of the darker sides of human mating, like intimate partner violence, stalking, sexual harassment, sexual coercion.

So that's what that book's about.

And I think it

You know, it's gotten well reviewed and people find it very useful in understanding what is otherwise a lot of baffling phenomena.

You know, why do men and women seem at odds with each other in so many domains?

Why do some of these recurrent forms of sexual conflict occur?

So that's sort of a little bit of theoretical backdrop there.

So that's what that book's about.

My previous book, so my first book, which I've had the good fortune to be able to revise a couple times, deals more broadly with human mating strategies.

It's called The Evolution of Desire, Strategies of Human Mating, and gives people a broad overview of what people want in a mate, tactics of attraction, tactics of mate retention, and so forth throughout the whole mating process, serial mating, causes of divorce, and so forth.

So you asked, well, what are the qualities that men and women desire?

And then even more broadly, I have a textbook called Evolutionary Psychology, the New Science of the Mind, which is in its sixth edition right now.

And it's the most widely used textbook in evolutionary psychology around North America and Europe.

And actually, it's been translated even into Arabic and other countries.

So that deals...

somewhat with mating, but also deals with survival problems or evolved fears and phobias, issues about kin and family, extended family, friendships, social hierarchies, status hierarchies, warfare, and other topics.

So the Evolutionary Psychology textbook is the broadest book, and then maybe the second broadest is The Evolution of Desire Strategies of Human Mating.

And maybe we'll start with long-term mating and then shift to short-term mating.

And then for those interested in conflict between the sexes, the latest book, When Men Behave Badly.

The most large-scale study that's been done on this is a study that I did a while back of 37 different cultures.

And it's now been replicated by other researchers.

But basically what we found is three clusters of things.

We found qualities that both men and women wanted in a long-term mate.

We found some qualities that were sex differentiated, where women preferred them more than men or men preferred them more than women.

And then we found some attributes that were highly variable across cultures in whether people found these as desirable or indispensable or irrelevant.

So if you talk about universal desires, so things that men and women share, things like intelligence,

kindness, mutual attraction and love, good health, dependability, emotional stability, although there's a bit of a sex difference there with women preferring it a bit more than men.

So you go to anywhere in the world and these are qualities that people universally desire in long-term mates.

Sex differences.

So sex differences basically fell into two clusters.

So women more than men

prioritized, good earning capacity, slightly older age, and the qualities associated with resource acquisition.

So these are things like a man's social status.

Does he have drive?

Is he ambitious?

Does he have a good long-term resource trajectory is one way that I like to phrase it, because

Women often, they don't look at necessarily the resources that a guy possesses at this moment, but what is his trajectory?

Women attend to the attention structure.

So the attention structure is a key determinant of status.

So the people who are high in status are those to whom the most people pay the most attention.

Hard work, ambition, does he have clear goals or is he in an existential crisis not knowing what he's gonna do with his life?

Also, women use what's called in the literature mate choice copying.

So we've done studies where you just take a guy, photograph him alone, versus take the same guy, put an attractive woman next to him or put two women next to him, and women judge exactly the same guy to be much more attractive if he's paired with women.

From an evolutionary perspective, it's reasonable that women would prioritize

these qualities because of the tremendous asymmetry in our reproductive biology, namely that fertilization occurs internally within women.

Women bear the burdens of the nine-month pregnancy, which is metabolically expensive, as well as

creating opportunity costs in terms of mobility and solving other tasks that people need to solve in the course of their lives.

And so one way to phrase that is that the costs of making a bad mate choice are much heavier for women when it comes to sexual behavior, certainly.

And the benefits correspondingly of making a wise mate choice are higher for women in the sexual context.

But as I said, we have mutual mate choice in our species.

And so what do men value more than women?

Physical attractiveness.

So physical appearance provides a wealth of information about a person's health status, but also provides for men a wealth of information about a woman's fertility status.

her reproductive value.

Now, not that men think about that consciously.

I mean, men don't walk down the street and see a woman and say, oh, I find her attractive because I think she must be very fertile.

They just find those cues attractive.

We know now, based on the last 20 years of scientific research,

studies that the cues that men find attractive in women are not at all arbitrary.

Things like clear skin, clear eyes, symmetrical features, a low waist to hip ratio, full lips, lustrous hair.

Right.

Well, that's a critical distinction because what people look for in a long-term committed mateship, like a marriage partner or a long-term romantic relationship, is different from what people look for in a hookup or casual sex.

All these are qualities that are associated with youth and health and hence have evolved to be part of our standards of attractiveness.

And so it's not just that men are these superficial creatures who evaluate women on the basis of appearance.

There's an underlying logic to why they do so.

And as I said, relative youth, this age thing is one of the largest sex differences you find in long-term mate selection with women preferring somewhat older men and men preferring somewhat younger women.

It's also expressed in preferences.

So say a 25-year-old man would say prefer a woman who's 20 or in her early 20s.

35-year-old man might prefer a woman who's in her late 20s or early 30s.

50-year-old man might prefer a woman who's, say, 35 to 38.

So marriage and long-term mating are things other than reproductive unions in the modern environment.

And if you get too large an age gap, then essentially you're in different cultures.

And if the cultural gap gets too large, you don't understand each other.

So that's actually critical.

I wonder if we could maybe just back up a second and just talk a little bit about the theoretical framework.

Yeah, well, so basically both men and women do deceive.

So we have the modern cultural invention of online dating.

People do lie, but they lie in predictable ways.

They lie in ways that attempt to embody

The mate preferences of the person they're trying to attract.

Both sexes post photos that are not truly representative of what they actually look like.

So they might post photos of themselves when they were younger or they're even advice photos.

for understanding mate choice.

tips on how to create the best selfie of the best angle that will maximally, you know, enhance what you look like.

It basically stems from Darwin's theory of sexual selection.

What happens with internet dating is that the photograph tends to overwhelm all the other cues.

And all the other cues are written statements.

And we weren't really...

evolved to process written statements, but we were evolved to respond to physical cues.

And men tend to attend to the visual cues much more than women.

So women in their mate selection, they have olfactory cues.

So what does the guy sound like?

His vocal qualities.

That's auditory cues.

But olfactory cues, what does he smell like?

Darwin noticed that there were phenomena that couldn't be explained by this so-called survival selection.

If the guy doesn't smell right, even if he embodies all the other qualities women want, that's a deal breaker.

And so I encourage people just, you know, stop with the hundred texts back and forth or messaging and meet a person for a cup of coffee and

And then, of course, some qualities you can't assess even with a half-hour interaction.

You can tell a lot, but things like emotional stability, which is absolutely critical in long-term mating, is to do something like go on a trip together, take a vacation where you're even in an unfamiliar environment where you have to cope with things that you're not familiar with.

And one of the hallmarks of emotional instability is

is how they respond to stress.

And so this is the sort of information you can't get on a coffee date.

You can only get by assessing it over time.

So one form of deception which we haven't mentioned is deception about whether you're interested in a long-term committed relationship or a short-term hookup.

So he came up with the theory of sexual selection, which deals not with the evolution of characteristics due to their survival advantage, but rather due to their mating advantage.

The overt display that, hey, I'm interested in just a short-term hookup.

I'm interested in sex, so I want to have sex right now.

Let's just go back to my apartment.

These are very ineffective tactics.

So we find in our studies of deception that men tend to exaggerate how similar they are and how aligned they are in their values and religious orientations and political values and so forth.

And I think that's probably an evolutionarily...

a recurrent form of deception that women have defenses against.

We know something about how the preferences for a sex partner differ from preference for a long-term mate.

There is overlap, of course, but one thing is physical appearance.

So physical appearance for women becomes more important in short-term mating.

So those physical attributes are more important for women

They remain important for men, physical appearance, in short-term mating, but with the footnote that men are willing to drop their standards in short-term mating if it's low commitment, low risk, just sex without entangling commitments.

Women are more likely to prioritize what I call bad boy qualities, guys who are a little arrogant, guys who are risk-taking.

And he identified two causal processes by which mating advantage could occur.

Women are more attracted to those guys in short-term mating than long-term mating.

Whereas in long-term mating, they go more for the good dad qualities.

Is this guy dependable?

Is he going to be a good father to my children?

In short-term mating, women use that mate-copying heuristic.

That is, if there are thousands of other women who find him attractive, women find him attractive.

And so that's why you have the groupie phenomenon.

If you took like a still photo of some of these rock stars and asked women how attractive the guy is versus tell him he's a famous rock star and show the thousands of women screaming at him...

They judge him entirely differently.

This is just an illustration of how circumstance-dependent women's mate attraction is for guys.

It depends on his status, the number of women that are attracted to him.

One is intrasexual competition.

The attention structure is how he interacts with a puppy, whereas for men, it almost doesn't matter.

You know, context is more irrelevant.

They're honing in on the specific psychophysical cues that the woman is displaying and context be damned.

And the logic was whatever qualities led to success in these same-sex battles, those qualities get passed on in greater numbers.