The Rest Is History
523. Charlemagne: Return of the Kings (Part 1)
Tom Holland
The cities there, over the previous decades, have been absolutely smashed to pieces, first by the Arab invaders and then by Charles Martel's invasion south and his attempt to reclaim these cities. It's not just that the old Roman bishops have been swept aside, it's also that the independence of the cities that had maintained them has also been massively shattered.
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