AMA | September 2024

2384.251 - 2407.711 Sean Carroll

There is something, there's some effect that is being described. And you invented these mathematical constructs to help you calculate and think about what those effects are. The real effect, whether it's the true vacuum state or scattering interactions of particles, is that there are many quantum fields that interact with each other in ways that we don't have straightforward ways of calculating.