Willie Balderson
Appearances
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und die Flüchtlinge haben sie aufs Meer gebracht, sie in einen Tent gesetzt, mit dem Sonnenlicht auf sie. Und als sie sie endlich geöffnet haben, sagt Smith berühmt, es gab so viele Wurzeln, wie es in unserer Ernährung war. Eine große Teil der Mordqualität des ersten Sommers befand sich in schlechtem Essen und schlechtem Wasser.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Smith ist also auf dem Weg, als sie alle, die erfolgreichsten, von Dysentery zurückgekehrt haben, den ersten Sommer. Sie haben ihn rausgebracht, um den Truck-Meister zu werden. Und ich bin sicher, dass einige der Herren hofft, dass er nicht zurückkommen wird. Ja, genau. Aber er ist zurückgekommen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
He will explore the Chesapeake the following summer, the summer of 1608. And he leaves the fort two times. He's gone seven weeks each time. And that first exploration, he went halfway up the Chesapeake Bay. He dropped down and he went all the way up the Potomac River, above what is today Washington, D.C., to the Great Falls. And he writes about This great falling of water. He comes back down.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
He's about to go up the Rappahannock River. And because of low tide, the two-ton barge that he's exploring the Chesapeake in grounds. And as they're waiting for the tide to rise, he's out waist deep in water with his sword fishing as he writes, nailing fish to the ground. And he makes the mistake of jabbing a stingray.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und wenn er es von seinem Schwert entfernt, der Stingray, schießt er ihn in die Rüste. Er denkt, er wird sterben. Und durch die merkwürdige Anwendung eines prekärsten Öls, ist der Schmerz versäumt. Er isst den Fisch zu seinem Abendessen, schreibt er. Aber der Schmerz ist schlecht, also zurückkehrt er nach Jamestown. Wieder eine near-death-Experience. Er ruft drei Tage auf.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And then he sets off again and he goes all the way up on that second voyage, all the way up to the Susquehannock River.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Explores all of that, comes back to Jamestown, the 7th of September, 1608. He's using triangulation. He's explored from point to point, point along the bay. Copious notes. He'll be elected the president of the council, the 10th of September, 1608. And he... Es ist, als er den berühmten Quote des 2. Thessalonians uttert, diejenigen, die nicht arbeiten, nicht essen sollen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And it's directed at the gentlemen who have insisted that because they're gentlemen, their station allows that the other laborers that have been sent over by the company to work for the company are to work for them as well. And he says, no, he's going to build what he calls a common wheel, a common wealth, where we'll all work and put into a common store.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And then we will equally, except for illness, we will equally take out That really upsets the general.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Smith will send two maps back, one to the company, one to his good friend, Henry Hudson.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And we don't know what happened to the Hudson map. The company map that got sent back, we know that Irgendwie hat ein katholischer Sympathisier entweder seine Hände auf dieser Karte gelegt oder eine Anzeige davon gemacht. Denn diese initiale Karte ist nicht so komplett wie seine Karte von Virginia, die er im Jahr 1612 publiziert hat.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Das ist mehr ein Draft des James-Rivers, vielmehr bis zum Rappahannock-River, zwei Räder.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Smith, when he's exploring the Chesapeake Bay, will talk to the Susquehannock Native Americans, hoping that the Susquehannock River will be fed from an ocean, the China Sea, the Pacific Ocean, but it's being fed from the west. And he's really deflated when he discovers that, no, it comes from bodies of water, that would be the Great Lakes, but they're fed from the east.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And he'll send a scathing letter back to the company in the fall of 1608, telling them, there isn't an inland sea, All my reconnoitering is offering that this body of land, he doesn't call it the continent at this point, but it is endless.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Think of it, Don, as being broken up into three parts. The gentlemen, investors, some of them have enough money and means to come over. So a third were gentlemen, a third were skilled laborers,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And tradesmen, you know, you're going to find all this gold, you've got to have someone that can make barrels, coopers, to make barrels, to put all the gold in and gold refiners and blacksmiths, tailors, because if you're a gentleman, you've got to look good As you're thinking about all that gold.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
So there's some of these trades that you look at who they were that came over in the first group and you can't help but smile. So there's only about a third of the 105 that are dispatched from London that are the actual laborers. And they're coming over either as servants to the gentlemen or they've signed on Yeah.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
They don't find gold and silver anywhere around that area, but it's not very far away that later on gold strikes are made in Georgia and Alabama.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolut, absolut. Sie hoffen, und wiederum, sie benutzen das Modell, das die Spanier gefunden haben. Und die Spanier waren einfach unglaublich glücklich.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Sie waren sehr glücklich, dass sie auf der Devera Cruz in Mexiko landeten und in den Inland marschierten. Und sie gingen direkt in das Königreich von Montezuma.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolutely, absolutely not. The burden is, you've got the Blue Ridge Mountains and then the Appalachians and they won't be traversed until the 18. Jahrhundert. Genau.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Es könnte aufgehört haben. Ohne Zweifel. Ohne Zweifel. Aber sie werden wirklich in den Meiern der Wälder von Jamestown gebogen. Ja. Und es ist eine andere wunderschöne Sache, dass sie, auch damit, die Kapital auf Jamestown Island für 92 Jahre gehalten haben.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
There was 105 men and boys that left London on the voyage over on They don't have enough food. They anticipate the voyage will be 12 weeks and it takes them four and a half months. So in turn they discover they've got to find food and they start stopping at islands. And they go ashore on the island of Mona.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And one of the gentlemen insists on going ashore because, well, we're now in the realm of New Spain. He's a gentleman. He's had other people to do all the labor for him. But he's going to dig and find the first gold. And he succumbs to probably heat stroke and dies. So even though it was 105 that departed London, only 104 arrive at Jamestown.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And within two weeks of their arrival, they're attacked by the local Native Americans. Jamestown Island wasn't occupied, but one of the local chiefs, was using it more or less as a hunting preserve. And these newcomers, outsiders, arrive and start cutting down trees and erecting their tents. And certainly they enlisted reprisals.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Yeah, the 26th of May, they're attacked by somewhere between 200 and 400 Native Americans. 18, they wrote, are wounded. One boy is shot in the leg, perhaps bled out. Und das ist das, was den Katalys für sie dient, um den Fort zu bauen. Es wird noch 10 oder 11 sein, abhängig davon, welchen Account Sie lesen und beherrschen, bevor Captain Newport zwei der drei Schiffe zurücknimmt. Das ist der 22.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Juni. Also, wenn sie 104 hatten, als sie angekommen sind, dann 103, dann 10 mehr, 93. Also, sie haben ungefähr 93 Leute, wenn Newport in der Mitte des Juni verlässt. Und am 10. September wurde geschrieben, dass sie 46 mehr verloren haben. Das ist der erste Sommer. Dann im Mittelpunkt des Oktober ist es 51. Also sind sie jetzt gut unter der Hälfte.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und das ist, als John Smith getappt wird oder volunteeriert wird, um Truckmaster zu sein. And he starts trading. And more by intimidation than negotiation, he's successful in getting food.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
First two women will arrive in 1608. A lady, Und ihre Mannschaftsservantin, Frau Forrest und ihre Mannschaftsservantin ist Anne Burroughs. Und innerhalb von drei Monaten wissen wir, dass Anne Burroughs mit einem der ersten Kolonisten verheiratet ist. Einer der 1607-Kolonisten. Und Historiker tappen oft das als die Paramount-Success-Story. We're talking about one person from 1607.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
There are several, but John Layton, who marries Anne Burris, they'll have four daughters, and they are still around, alive, into the early 1630s. But make no mistake, Don, they are the exception to the general rule.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolut. Ein New England-Writer, John Demas, in einem Buch namens The Little Commonwealth, zieht diese Verteilung zwischen den Pilgrimen und Massachusetts Bay, being more closely knitted and tied to the idea of the shire system across England, where there are towns with central cores, commons, because of the terrain, the geography.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And the further south you go, the mountains move further away from the east coast, there's a lot more arable land, and as you have pointed out, absolutely, it Ja. Ja.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Newport bringt sie über, 1607. Er wird es nicht zurücknehmen bis Januar 1608. Also haben sie basically sechs Monate, wo sie auf ihrer eigenen Seite sind. Es gibt zwei Schiffe, die im Oktober 1607 verabschiedet werden, um sie zu verkaufen. Sie sind separat in einem Schwal in der Karibik. Also macht Newport es zurück. Er bleibt bis... am 10. April 1608. Der andere Schiff ist noch nicht hergekommen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Es gibt einen Eindruck, dass er verloren ist. Er geht am 10. April und am 20. April, schrecklich, kommt der andere Schiff endlich da. Sie bringen beide etwa 70 Leute. Der nächste Supply, den Newport bringen wird, wird am Anfang des Oktober 1608, wiederum etwa sechs Monate später sein. And they'll bring about another 80 people.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And they'll bring back news that for every 10 people that are arriving, when they come back, only 3 or 4 are still alive. And part and parcel of this is the company recognizing that the idea of the government that they'd established, a group of councilmen that would elect one to be the better representative, it's not working.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Well, a tremendous misconception, I know we're going to get to that discussion, is that Jamestown was a failure, that it didn't last. But it's established in 1607 in Jamestown. The actual town on Jamestown Island will remain the capital for 92 years. They don't move the seat of government until 1699. The earliest years are surely the worst, the bumpiest.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And the other major problem for the company is they're reading between the lines again, is that most of the gentlemen still have gold fever when they arrive here and they haven't found the gold. The investors are getting restless and that will serve as the catalyst for a new charter and will allow them.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
to send over a governor that will have absolute control, and his charge will be to settle everything down, declare martial law, and make the company a profit. And the company in early June of 1609 will send over nine ships, almost 500 people, supplies for a year, with a governor that is to galvanize things, And they go experience a hurricane on the voyage over.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
They are forced to throw their supplies overboard to keep the ships afloat. And when they do piecemeal, the ships finally begin to arrive. Seven ships arrive with about 280 people with no supplies. And the one ship that had the government that is to replace John Smith It doesn't arrive. No one knows. It is miraculously wrecked on the island of Bermuda.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And those castaways will spend eight months taking Bermudian cedar and salvaged parts of their flagship, the Sea Venture, and they'll build two small ships. They eventually arrive in May of 1610. But meanwhile, back at the fort, John Smith had 60 people alive. He had pressed the regional Native Americans to the breaking point. trying to get food from them.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And then seven ships arrived with 280 more people. So Smith is struggling to keep these people alive. He attempts two times to literally pawn off about 100 people on two tribes that had remained friendly. And in both cases, the English
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
basically beat on the native people making demands after Smith had tried to smooth everything over and in both cases he's got to go and retrieve these people and it's on that second effort coming back down river his gunpowder bag explodes a terrible accident most historians think that it was probably a hit job by some of the gentlemen but the end result is
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
It incapacitates Smith to the point where his detractors, many had been offended when he said those that shall not work shall not eat the year before and had gone back to England to complain. They'd come back thinking now we'll get our revenge on Smith. And they do get their revenge by putting him on a ship out of here.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
How was he injured? He was severely burned. And his account is that the burn was so severe and his clothes were on fire, he was forced to jump into the James River to extinguish the flames. But he had a pretty severe burn on the side of his body. And in that condition, he's sent home. And as soon as the local and regional Native Americans learn he's gone, they begin a siege.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
They don't attack the fort, but anyone that leaves doesn't come back. Und an diesem Punkt sind es etwa 350 Menschen innerhalb des Pforts. Und das setzt den Stand für den Zauberzeitpunkt.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolut. Als sie in 1607 erreichen, They write that there is sweet water in the James River at low tide. We are 38 miles from the ocean. You've got about another 45, 50 miles to go up the river to get to where the falls are, where Richmond, Virginia is today. There are creeks just below Richmond that feed at low tide fresh water. When there's a heavy rainstorm, there's fresh water.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
But my point, this close to the ocean, you don't get fresh water in the James. except when there's been some sort of incredible weather event. And we know what happened. There was a very severe winter to the west of Richmond, probably in the Piedmont, the foothills, all the way to the Blue Ridge Mountains, where they probably had snow after snow after snow. And when that snow started to melt,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And most folks fixate on about the first 13 to 17 years. They draw from that that there's no way that it could have succeeded.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
based on the convenience of the island. The channel was right against the shore. They felt it was easily defended. There were no natives living on it. Another one of their instructions. And they had fresh water, they believed, at low tide. So when all the ice and snow melted and they had that bad barley that was molded, there's an account from a young man, a privileged man, named George Percy.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und er schreibt eine Botschaft zu seinem älteren Bruder, die in 1608 zurückkommt, die Botschaft überlebt. Und er schreibt, dass wir mit krüllen Krankheiten zerstört wurden, wie Schmerzen, Fluxen, brennende Fäden und bei Kriegen mit den Naturals. Nun, die Schmerzen sind wahrscheinlich die Ingestion von Salzwasser. Der Flux ist ein wundervoller Term für Dysentery.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Yeah, you got the flux. And the burning fevers are surely malaria or typhus.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja, es gibt mehrere Begründungen, die kontemporär sind, aber das Wichtigste war in der Archäologie, in der Fußgründung des 1607-Forts, in der Küche. Vielen Dank. Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Untertitelung. BR 2018
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
That's correct. The company is dissolved in 1624. Okay.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Es ist ein Gruppe von Merchanten in London und sie haben für 100 Jahre den enormen Erfolg beobachtet, den die Spanier, in der Anfangszeit auch die Portugieser, in der Exploitation der neuen Welt hatten. Und sie wollen auf das Stück der Aktion einsteigen. Und im Jahr 1606 können sie King James auf einem Zertifikat signieren.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung. BR 2018 Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
They have in their minds that the new world in Virginia, the Chesapeake region, is going to be largely the same as what was in Central and South America. And there's going to be gold and silver and medicinal plants, culinary herbs. Everything that the Spanish have had, hopefully in larger quantity, will be found along the Mid-Atlantic. And so the joint stock company is established.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Untertitelung des ZDF, 2020 Vielen Dank. Untertitelung.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
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American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
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American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
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American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
They immediately sell shares of stock. Finally, the English Yeah, it would feel that way to these folks after three months across the ocean.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und das sind Afrikaner, die, und es ist schwer zu sagen, es ist schwer zu hören, sie wurden von ihrem eigenen nativen Land gefangen und sie haben keine eigenen nativen Provinzen. Sie wurden auf spanischen Schiffsschiffen gelegt, in der schlimmsten Weise, in einer inhumanen Weise, verpackt in den Händen der Schiffe, mit der Intention, dass sie auf den Inseln enden werden,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Auf der Mainlande, in Leitmine, und sie werden in den Karibikern getötet. Also werden sie von einem spanischen Slavenschiff als geschlossene, geschlossene Menschen entfernt.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
All that they had was, what they needed were victuals.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolut. Und es ist schwierig, Don, es ist sehr, sehr schwierig, zurück zu gehen und dies zu besuchen und dies zu hören. Ja.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Yes. The evolution from these individuals being taken as servants, that they've been taken off of a Spanish slave ship, There would be no reason for the English to look at them any other way than what they were. The deliberateness with which the account is written is telling in that it doesn't say anything about the condition that they will be subjected to when they arrive.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
There is a renowned Virginia historian, Warren Billings, and he researched for many years the evolution of the slave society. And it dawned on me when you mentioned the feudal society in England. He came up with an idea of the law of custom. It is what we have always done.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And when you have 3,000 miles of ocean separating you from any empirical authority, many things can get lost, dropped or neglected in that transmission. And so Very quickly, there are laws that are created that set dark-skinned people, be they from Africa or native people, apart from their general society. And if we've always done that,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
and then we've always done this, and then we've always done this, suddenly there is this momentum, and it becomes codified.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Well, I have the honor and the pleasure to work on Jamestown Island for the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation. I serve as the Director of Living History and Historic Trades and we have been excavating the actual site of the first fort, the first permanent English settlement. This year marks the 31st year, April 4th, 1994.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
The excavation began in the hopes that we might find something that had survived at the fort. There was A popular belief that the site of the fort had eroded away into the river with a known quantity of land on the river side of the island, at least 25 acres. And miraculously... 87% of the footprint of the fort survives. Wow. But we've been only excavating it for the last, now, 31 years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Yes, yes. Go to our website, which is Historic Jamestown, and you'll see a drop-down there, historicjamestown.org.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Interessante Frage und typisch für die Spanier war es nicht. Bevor sie nach Spanien gingen, wusste jeder auf dem Schiff, wer verantwortlich sein wird. and the mechanisms and the actual operational causes and effects. And it was very disciplined for the Spanish. Given that this is set up by merchants, it is certainly the intent of the company to have order.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
But nobody on the ships, as you've noted, will know until they arrive who's going to be in charge. And one of the theories is,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
that surrounds that, is that some of the gentlemen that are coming over had perhaps overextended themselves to the extent that there was a grave concern that if any of the gentlemen on the voyage over knew they would be in charge when they finally arrived, that they might, if for whatever reason the admiral of the fleet determined that they had to turn back, the concern was that some of these gentlemen
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
might lead a mutiny. So they kept it under lock and key, literally. And it wasn't revealed until they arrived who would be in charge. And it was going to be a council of six gentlemen and amongst them, these gentlemen would vote on which one of the six the others felt was most qualified to lead.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Well, they would elect one council. Und was ist ihre Mission? Was sagen die Ordner ihnen? Basically, if you are going to establish yourself in a new world, you want to have discipline, but the driving force is to find some commodity that the company can in turn, once it is shipped back to England, will be able to sell and turn a profit for the shareholders.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
It is all based on a company model that we're going to go somewhere, we're going to exploit what we can find, Und die Produkte werden zurückgebracht. Die Verkäufer werden reich sein. Das bedeutet mehr Stockkosten, mehr Geld investiert, um mehr Schiffe, mehr Menschen, mehr Penetration in die Landwirtschaft zu senden. Das war die Erwartung.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
King James was reluctant to sign off on this company for the fear that the Spanish might feel threatened by it. King James ascends the throne in 1603. And in 1604, a treaty with the Spanish is signed. There were a number of treaties of London that were signed. They are defined by the year that they're defined. And the Treaty of London in 1604, by that treaty, King James ceded, that is surrendered,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Any claim to what is today South America, Central America and North America, well above the northernmost province of New Spain, which was Florida. And the other selling point for the company to allow them to get the charter in 1606 was that of all the wealth that the company would find, King James would receive a fifth of it.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Absolutely. That's interesting. Albeit silent, at least in the beginning.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
As I offered earlier, the expectation is these six gentlemen will determine that one amongst them is most qualified. And that really is where a large part of The problems for that first year, right, the first several years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
A gentleman named Wingfield. Oh, yes. And he is by station probably the most senior. And he has seen some fighting in the Dutch Low Countries. The English first under the table and then very much in the open have supported the Protestants in the Dutch Low Country who have been fighting for independence from Spain. Und er hat dort Aktion gesehen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und es ist glaubt, dass er am stärksten qualifiziert wäre.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Ja. Absolut. Es wird ein Kampf sein. Ja, du lernst zwischen den Linien.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Fast sofort. John Smith, er kommt in eine Art Schamflosigkeit. Smith wurde in Lincolnshire gegen den Norden geboren. Sein Vater ist ein jungen Farmer, der ihn mit einer Verleihung zu einem Merchant aufgebaut hat. Und sein Vater ist nicht ein Jahr später gestorben. Und John Smith ist jetzt jung, er ist etwa 16 Jahre alt. Er will ein Soldat werden, ohne Erfahrung.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Er ist über den englischen Kanal geflogen. in den Huguenots, den Protestanten, in ihrem Versuch, gegen die Katholiken in Frankreich zu kämpfen. Und er wurde sehr enttäuscht. Sie müssen sich erinnern, er ist nicht nur ein Protestant, er ist ein Puritan. Und er nimmt Religion zu Herz. Und er bemerkte, dass, wie er Jahre später schrieb, Gott muss sicherlich darauf geschaut haben,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Christians fighting and spilling blood amongst themselves as being a very unholy thing. So after about six months he came home. He found an aged knight, as he wrote years later, that taught him to properly ride a horse, manage a lance and a sword. And when he's 18, he feels like he's just teeming with the Machiavellian art of war. And he's ready. And he crosses back to Europe.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
and winds up in Romania, serving under a Christian prince to stave the advance of the Turks, who are coming into that part of Eastern Europe to take Christians as slaves. He'll serve under this prince, be awarded his captaincy for valor on the field, will be given the command of a company, take part in several sieges before the Turks arrive,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
successfully overwhelm one of the towns smith is given the opportunity to become a turkish slave which is not a savory thing for any man or he can be then indoctrinated and become a turkish soldier and he takes door number two and for two and a half years he's held in captivity by the turks he learns their language Und schließlich ist er in der Lage, zu fliehen, um seinen Verteidiger zu töten.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Und nach einem Jahr und einem halben ist er in Ost- und Zentraleuropa. Und er übernimmt den englischen Kanal, als er 25 Jahre alt wird. Wow. Heute würden wir Captain Smith MacGyver nennen, das sage ich dir. Das ist unglaublich. Aber die Herren, none of them have that experience that John Smith has. The burden for Smith is that he is low-born.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And some of the gentlemen call him out, you're not really an English captain, because your captaincy was not awarded by an English prince.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
His name had been circulated around London, but he had not published anything that was widely circulated at that point. Und er kommt, viele Leute wissen das nicht, wiederum, wie Sie es gefordert haben, die Instruktionen sind geschlossen, bis sie kommen. Niemand weiß, dass sein Name dritter auf der Liste von sechs ist. Und wenn er kommt, am 26.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
April 1607, sie kommen und stecken sich in die Chesapeake Bay. That night they opened the chest. John Smith is below deck in chains for having spoken ill and most discourteously to one of the other gentlemen. And they had intended upon arrival of building a scaffold and hanging him.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
Right, so what they do, they all struggle the first summer. And at the end of the summer, John Smith has made what is called the truck master. To truck is to trade.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
And the expectation is that he's going to go downriver and secure corn and beans and squash because the food that had been brought over in the hold of the ship that they had intended to boil, largely it was barley, that they had to boil and then supplement it with the wild game that they would find.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Surviving The Fort
None of the mariners, the sailors, when they unloaded the ship in the spring, when they first arrived, Er hat ihnen gesagt, dass die Barren von Barley in der Hütte des Schiffes, der am schlechtesten fliegte, überflossen waren. Und für 26 Wochen, schrieb John Smith später, haben die Barren von Barley das Wasser der Bills gesäubert.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Absolut. Wie ich es in dem vorherigen Segment eröffnet habe, wird John Smith die Chesapeake Bay zweimal besuchen, im Sommer von 1608. Und die Liste überlebt, die John Smith im Sommer von 1608 zurück zu seinem Home Office, zurück zur Firma, und sagt, wir haben genug Land gefragt. Du wirst es nicht glauben. Anstatt 50 Meilen in jede Richtung, müssen wir 200 Meilen fragen. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Das ist es absolut. Das ist, wie die zwei bestimmten Kulturen entwickelt wurden.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Sicher. We get this question a lot in that you've gone almost three quarters of a century and there's this huge cultural meltdown. And what's the cash crop in Virginia? Tobacco. Tobacco. And many indentured servants are lured over, believing that It's like the Horatio Auger stories of the 19th century that were also enveloped with the Manifest Destiny.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
You come over, you work hard in the shop, and you can marry the shop owner, his daughter, and you've made it in America. There are a lot of indentured servants that hear these stories about all the land that is available. It's cheap, and all you need to do is come over and work for someone else. Und du hast deinen Steck.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Der Bedürfnis mit dem, und das geht zurück zu der Idee von dem großen Chart in 1618, dass die Leute, die Stocksteine gekauft haben, die ersten zehn Jahre der Kolonienorganisation, sie würden 100 Äcker bekommen. for each share. And if you bought shares of stock after 1616, you would get 50 acres. When the company is dissolved, that mechanism for the stock is gone too.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
But the crown retained the idea that for each person that you would pay passage for, if you loaded up a ship with 10 people and brought them over, for each person that you brought over You, the person that paid their passage, would receive the right to 50 acres for each person.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
So some of these tobacco planters early on that do well start bringing over more indentured servants.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Exactly. And by the 1660s, early 1670s, some of these planters have the facility to bring over lots of people They have an abundance of land and they got the opportunity to clear it with a fresh labor force every year and a half, two years. By now, if you brought over free or enslaved people for each person, 50 acres of land.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And when some of these large landowners set these indentures free, they've worked their term three to seven years, the indentures have it in their head that we're going to get some of this new land because they've got it. But the planters wind up vetting out the worn out tobacco land.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
The governor that arrives in 1642, William Barclay, will do all that he can after the uprising of 1644 to establish friendly natives just to the west of the settled land. And he will protect them. And as these newly freed indentures look to the west, Who do they see on this land that they really want to get at? It's the native people.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
So you've got a tension of class, you've got a tension of land acquisition, and you've got a growing hatred of an indigenous people that are perceived to be being protected by a governor. And it only takes a small match, an Es kommt immer daraus, dass man nicht in der Mitte der Klasse werden kann, die man erwartet, oder? The expectation. Managing the expectation.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Nichtsdestotrotz. Die Kräfte unter Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon führt eine Armee, einen Mord, im März 1676 nach Westen. Er attackiert eine große Einstellung von freundlichen Nachbarn und tödlicherweise tötet sie alle. Er bringt etwa 300 Pound Sterling von Deer-Skinnern zurück. And they are touted by folks to the west along the frontier.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Basically, Virginia's frontier at that point is where the Interstate 95 corridor is today. No further than the falls. Richmond, Fredericksburg. But they are praised for having done this. But the governor has issued a warning that if you did it, Nathaniel Bacon would be considered a rebel. He is. And The governor wants to call for the election of new Burgesses.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
We've got to figure out how to build forts along the frontier. We've got to stop this aggression against the native people. Nathaniel Bacon is elected as one of the Burgesses. Okay. And so when he arrives, he tries to take his seat in June of 1676. The governor refuses, then realizes he's got control of a mob. I need to be nice to him.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
It lasts for a week and a half. Nathaniel Bacon is not satisfied that there isn't a bill to attack native people. It's proposed by the government. So he goes back where he came from, near Richmond, Virginia, gathers an army of 350 men, It comes back and threatens the governor. The governor is forced to cede him a commission to fight the native people. He goes, kills some friendly natives.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
The governor attempts several times to raise an army to put down the rebellion. That summer is unsuccessful. And when the governor returns to Jamestown in September, the mob led by Bacon comes back. Jamestown will get caught in the crossfires and will be destroyed. by Bacon's followers September 19, 1676. Bacon leaves, goes 30 miles away to attack some friendly natives and dies in the swamps.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
It was said he died of a gross infestation of lice and the bloody flux. But with the rebellion falling apart, At that point, they've lost their charismatic leader. And so it all disintegrates. And royal authority is reimposed in the winter of 1677.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Correct. They will rebuild parts of Jamestown and them. 1680s, they rebuilt the state house, they rebuilt a church and an accidental fire on the state house of all nights, October 31st, 1698. The state, the brand new state house, it wasn't 10 years old, burned down. And it's kind of like the final straw. After that, the Burgesses gathered
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
over at the new college seven miles away inland to the north from Jamestown Island, a place called Middle Plantation and one of the first orders of business and Die Paraphrase, die in den Minuten der Regierungssitzung gedruckt wird, ist, dass wir es notwendig fühlen, dass wir das Kapitol bewegen, das sieben Meilen weit ist.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And they had written for years that Jamestown, since the inception, it was an unwholesome place, full of unclean air and muck. But they had retained the capital here for 92 years.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Absolut. Ich höre oft über die amerikanische Erfahrung.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Und wenn Leute hier kommen und sie gehen auf einige unserer Touren und wir drücken, And just the tenacity of the people against incredible odds to survive and to keep trying to doggedly attempt again and again and again.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Those founding fathers of the 18th century never grew up on the idea of somehow Ja. Ja.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Don, please, when you do, reach out to us. I will make sure I'm in armor. You can meet one of the colonists that knew John Smith. He'll give you the 50 cent tour and offer to you just how bad it is.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
It is official approval from the king to start a business that is as succinct as I can make it.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
That's absolutely correct. The first charter allowed that they could come into the Chesapeake Bay and wherever they landed, 50 miles in any direction was theirs. John Smith will explore the Chesapeake Bay in 1608 and he writes a letter back saying, we haven't asked for enough land. And that's why the 1609 Charter is granted. And Virginia then extends 200 miles.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
and to the north or to the south, but because of John Smith's exploration and the discovery that the continent apparently continued further than anybody dreamed, it's the 1609 Charter that allows that the claim by the English and the Virginia Company extends to the western shore. So it's the 1609 Charter that allowed England to believe on paper that
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
They extended all the way to what is today California in the Pacific Ocean.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Charter of 1612 adds Bermuda to the mix. Not only Virginia, but Bermuda will be taken in. And then there's a charter that was granted in November of 1618. And that is the charter that allows that they can have their own
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
They are allowed to send word up and down the James River to the 11 largest settlements and at a time determined, which will be determined to be the last of July, beginning of August 1619. Two elected representatives from the 11 largest settlements would gather. They were to review all of the laws of the former charters, the instructions.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
They were to review all of the laws that had been stated in martial law. And they were to determine which ones they felt were necessary to be continued. And it was not written into that charter in 1618, but they took advantage of sort of a non-existent loophole, the appointed governor, Sir George Yardley, allowed them then to consider laws that they felt they needed.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And this was the first time in the western hemisphere that elected Englishmen were allowed to create their own laws.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Absolutely. The colony experienced that strife for the first three years. They'd suffered under a tremendous strain with the martial laws and the numbers of people that were willing to come over. It kind of narrowed, because after that winter of the starving time, Virginia on many broad sides was depicted as a place that you went in desperation to die. It was your last shot.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
That was in large part why the company sought that charter in 1618. We are going to allow people to create law here, and the other major selling point for That charter was, since the tobacco economy was still in its embryonic stages, they had to come up with something to give back to the investors. Tobacco would come to be that, or at least have the potential to do that, but it wasn't there yet.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
So what the company realized, the crown in James had granted them the right to settle on the land. And they determined and wrote it out into the charter that if you had purchased shares of stock between 1606 and 1616, when that stock came due and the dividend to be paid, you would receive a piece of paper granting you the right to 100 acres of land in Virginia.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
If you bought shares of stock after 1616, the dividend would be paid in 50 acre increments of land. And for the landed gentlemen in England, who doesn't want more land? For the tradesmen that were considering coming here, selling themselves to the company for a share of stock, this was huge. And it did spark renewed interest in coming over. Now,
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
The displacement of the colony was such that with the marriage of John Rolfe to Lady Rebecca, her baptized name, in April of 1614, her father, the Emperor Powhatan, Sie beklagten, dass wir als eine Bevölkerung leben würden. Und sie schrieben, dass das der Zeitpunkt der Frieden von Pocahontas war.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Leider stirbt Pocahontas in 1617, ihr Vater, der König, in 1618, als mehr Menschen kommen, um Tabak zu wachsen. Palatans Successor and his successor, Oprah Chatkanu, the former war chief of the Pamunkey Indians, recognized that more and more of their land was being taken up. And in March of 1622, everything reached flashpoint.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
An incredibly well planned and well executed revolt, an uprising by the native people along the James River. At that point, there are about 23 settlements along the James River from where Richmond is today down to where the James feeds into the basin of the Chesapeake. And almost every one of those settlements was in some way attacked. We don't have an accurate measure.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
It's oft guesstimated around 1250 English men, women and children were living along the James and we know of 347 that were killed that day. Wow. The reprisals were slow in coming because for so long the English had accepted that the natives were willing to see the English arrive.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
They relied so heavily on the 1614 Peace of Pocahontas. Yeah. And they had been Es war schmerzhaft, dass die nativen Menschen nicht glücklich waren. Und die nativen Menschen hatten Autonomie. Und es gab Fragen über ihre Gerechtigkeit. An einem Punkt, im Frühjahr 1622, bevor der Uprising am 22. März, hat der König Opa Chankanao Wow.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Correct. Things will settle down in the 1630s, but there will be one final uprising in 1644 on April 18th. And this now very aged leader, Opachanka now, Why would the Crown revoke this Charter that had been in place in various iterations for 20 years? Das ist ein weiterer einer dieser komplizierten Antworten, die ich versuchen werde, so einfach wie möglich zu machen.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Die Firma hat sich mit den 16, den frühen 1620er Jahren, die Offiziere in London, sehr dividiert darüber, wie sie vorwärts vorgehen sollten. Einige von ihnen wollten die Idee fortsetzen, dass sie unter dem Tisch die Städte in Virginia nutzen könnten, as safe havens for piracy. They couldn't come out and say this, but that was an underlining cause.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Some of the officers were fearful of the Virginians being allowed so much autonomy, the colonists being allowed so much autonomy to create their own laws. That was a little unnerving. And King James was brought into the middle of this, when several of his favorites fell on both sides of these arguments.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
And the crown, King James, determined that the easiest way to mitigate this would be to drop the company completely, dissolve the company, and Virginia would become a royal colony. And that's what happened.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Why were these gentlemen distressing over attacking the Spanish ships? They are trying to create some centrifuge for the Dutch. Remember, the Dutch are leasing English merchant ships, giving them Dutch flags.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Correct. Correct. There are peace treaties that are attempted. Not all of the tribes are coalescing under the Emperor Opachan Canal. Some are wanting to seek peace on their own terms. And that's one of the reasons that the reprisals against the native people at large continue into the 1630s. And by the 1630s, the Dutch are coming also into the Chesapeake.
American History Hit
Jamestown: Decline & Fall?
Und vergesst nicht, Maryland, die 1634 eröffnet wurde. Wir vergessen immer Maryland, nicht wahr? Ja, wenn du in Virginia bist, kannst du das nicht. Ich sage nur, wenn du in Virginia bist, kannst du das nicht vergessen. Aber sie wurden in 1634 für Katholiken eröffnet.